NURS 251 Midterm Exam Questions with
100% Verified Correct Answers
Poor Oxygenation Early Signs
-Restlessness/Irritability, Fatigue, Mild tachycardia
-Headache, Respiratory distress, Peripheral cyanosis
Poor Oxygenation Late Signs
-Confusion/stupor, Lethargy, Tachycardia/arrhythmias
-Central cyanosis, Diaphoresis, Respiratory arrest
Poor Oxygenation Interventions
-Reassurance/rest, Repositioning, VS & BGM
-Respiratory & cardiovascular assessment, Oxygen
-Suctioning, RRT, Continuous telemetry & spO2
pH normal range
7.35-7.45
PaCO2 normal range
35-45 mm Hg
HCO3 normal range
22-26 mEq/L
PaO2 normal range
80-100 mm Hg
Respiratory Tic Tac Toe
,s
Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis
Low pH
Normal HCO3
Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis
High pH
Low PaCO2
Low HCO3
Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis
Normal pH
Low PaCO2
Low HCO3
Chronic Respiratory Failure
-Absence of acute symptoms, Chronic low pH
-COPD & Neuromuscular disease
Acute Respiratory Failure
NOT a disease but a condition
Hypoxemic
Type 1 Oxygenation Failure
-Inadequate supply of oxygen in arterial blood
-PaO2 < 60 mmHg SaO2 < 90%
Hypercapnic
, Type 2 Ventilatory Failure sis sdfds
-Inaffective elimination of CO2
-PaCO2 > 45 mmHg with pH < 7.35
Type 1 Oxygenation Failure Causes
Shunt & Dead Space
Shunt
perfusion without ventilation of alveoli
Dead Space
ventilation without perfusion of alveoli, low concentration of oxygen
Dead Space Examples
Pulmonary embolism, CO poisoning, High altitude
Minute Volume
RR X Amount of air in each breath (Tidal Volume)
What is the normal minute volume?
6 to 10 L/min
Type 2 Ventilatory Failure Causes
-Chest trauma: Rib fx, Burn, Obesity
-Neuromuscular disorders: MS, MG, Guillan-Barre, SCI
-CNS Dysfunction, Chemical depression: Stroke, Narcotics, Anesthesia
Intubation Prep
100% Verified Correct Answers
Poor Oxygenation Early Signs
-Restlessness/Irritability, Fatigue, Mild tachycardia
-Headache, Respiratory distress, Peripheral cyanosis
Poor Oxygenation Late Signs
-Confusion/stupor, Lethargy, Tachycardia/arrhythmias
-Central cyanosis, Diaphoresis, Respiratory arrest
Poor Oxygenation Interventions
-Reassurance/rest, Repositioning, VS & BGM
-Respiratory & cardiovascular assessment, Oxygen
-Suctioning, RRT, Continuous telemetry & spO2
pH normal range
7.35-7.45
PaCO2 normal range
35-45 mm Hg
HCO3 normal range
22-26 mEq/L
PaO2 normal range
80-100 mm Hg
Respiratory Tic Tac Toe
,s
Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis
Low pH
Normal HCO3
Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis
High pH
Low PaCO2
Low HCO3
Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis
Normal pH
Low PaCO2
Low HCO3
Chronic Respiratory Failure
-Absence of acute symptoms, Chronic low pH
-COPD & Neuromuscular disease
Acute Respiratory Failure
NOT a disease but a condition
Hypoxemic
Type 1 Oxygenation Failure
-Inadequate supply of oxygen in arterial blood
-PaO2 < 60 mmHg SaO2 < 90%
Hypercapnic
, Type 2 Ventilatory Failure sis sdfds
-Inaffective elimination of CO2
-PaCO2 > 45 mmHg with pH < 7.35
Type 1 Oxygenation Failure Causes
Shunt & Dead Space
Shunt
perfusion without ventilation of alveoli
Dead Space
ventilation without perfusion of alveoli, low concentration of oxygen
Dead Space Examples
Pulmonary embolism, CO poisoning, High altitude
Minute Volume
RR X Amount of air in each breath (Tidal Volume)
What is the normal minute volume?
6 to 10 L/min
Type 2 Ventilatory Failure Causes
-Chest trauma: Rib fx, Burn, Obesity
-Neuromuscular disorders: MS, MG, Guillan-Barre, SCI
-CNS Dysfunction, Chemical depression: Stroke, Narcotics, Anesthesia
Intubation Prep
