ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ACTUAL FINALS
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Secondary succession - ✔✔life progresses where soil remains (ex. clear-cut forest,
old farm).
✔✔Mutualism - ✔✔symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. clownfish
and anemone)
✔✔Commensalism - ✔✔symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits & the other
is unaffected (e.g. epiphytic plants, such as many orchids, that grow on trees)
✔✔Parasitism - ✔✔relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at
the expense of the host (e.g. mosquitoes and humans)
✔✔Carrying Capacity - ✔✔the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area.
✔✔r-strategist - ✔✔reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear
many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice).
✔✔K-strategist - ✔✔reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few,
cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants).
✔✔Natural Selection - ✔✔organisms that possess favorable adaptations (through
mutations) pass them onto the next generation.
✔✔Thomas Malthus - ✔✔The human population grows faster than food production
unless kept in check by war, famine & disease. Did not foresee advancements in
agriculture.
✔✔Doubling Time - ✔✔(rule of 70) doubling time equals 70 divided by average growth
rate. (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70 ÷ 5 = 14 years)
, ✔✔Replacement Level Fertility - ✔✔the number of children a couple must bear to
replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing).
✔✔World Population - ✔✔slightly over 7.6 billion.
✔✔Demographic Transition Model - ✔✔preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and
postindustrial stages
✔✔Preindustrial stage - ✔✔birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant
mortality high.
✔✔Transitional stage - ✔✔Aid from other countries and increase in industrialization
lowers death rates (infant mortality). Birth rates high (from of the amount of people in
the reproductive stage).
✔✔Industrial stage - ✔✔decline in birth rate, population growth slows.
✔✔Postindustrial stage - ✔✔low birth & death rates.
✔✔Age Structure Diagrams - ✔✔broad base → rapid growth; narrow base → negative
growth (NPG); uniform shape → zero growth (ZPG)
✔✔Most populous nations - ✔✔1)China 2)India 3)US 4)Indonesia
✔✔Low Economic/Social Status of Women - ✔✔Most important factor keeping
population growth rates high.
✔✔Methods to Decrease Birth Rates - ✔✔Family planning, contraception, economic
rewards & penalties.
✔✔Composition of Water on Earth - ✔✔97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater. 0.023%
readily available freshwater for use.
✔✔Aquaculture - ✔✔farming aquatic species, commonly salmon, shrimp, tilapia,
oysters.
✔✔Point Source - ✔✔from specific location such as pipe or smokestack
✔✔Non-Point Source - ✔✔from over an area such as agricultural (farm) runoff, traffic.
✔✔Eutrophication - ✔✔rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen &
phosphorus.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Secondary succession - ✔✔life progresses where soil remains (ex. clear-cut forest,
old farm).
✔✔Mutualism - ✔✔symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. clownfish
and anemone)
✔✔Commensalism - ✔✔symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits & the other
is unaffected (e.g. epiphytic plants, such as many orchids, that grow on trees)
✔✔Parasitism - ✔✔relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at
the expense of the host (e.g. mosquitoes and humans)
✔✔Carrying Capacity - ✔✔the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area.
✔✔r-strategist - ✔✔reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear
many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice).
✔✔K-strategist - ✔✔reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few,
cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants).
✔✔Natural Selection - ✔✔organisms that possess favorable adaptations (through
mutations) pass them onto the next generation.
✔✔Thomas Malthus - ✔✔The human population grows faster than food production
unless kept in check by war, famine & disease. Did not foresee advancements in
agriculture.
✔✔Doubling Time - ✔✔(rule of 70) doubling time equals 70 divided by average growth
rate. (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70 ÷ 5 = 14 years)
, ✔✔Replacement Level Fertility - ✔✔the number of children a couple must bear to
replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing).
✔✔World Population - ✔✔slightly over 7.6 billion.
✔✔Demographic Transition Model - ✔✔preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and
postindustrial stages
✔✔Preindustrial stage - ✔✔birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant
mortality high.
✔✔Transitional stage - ✔✔Aid from other countries and increase in industrialization
lowers death rates (infant mortality). Birth rates high (from of the amount of people in
the reproductive stage).
✔✔Industrial stage - ✔✔decline in birth rate, population growth slows.
✔✔Postindustrial stage - ✔✔low birth & death rates.
✔✔Age Structure Diagrams - ✔✔broad base → rapid growth; narrow base → negative
growth (NPG); uniform shape → zero growth (ZPG)
✔✔Most populous nations - ✔✔1)China 2)India 3)US 4)Indonesia
✔✔Low Economic/Social Status of Women - ✔✔Most important factor keeping
population growth rates high.
✔✔Methods to Decrease Birth Rates - ✔✔Family planning, contraception, economic
rewards & penalties.
✔✔Composition of Water on Earth - ✔✔97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater. 0.023%
readily available freshwater for use.
✔✔Aquaculture - ✔✔farming aquatic species, commonly salmon, shrimp, tilapia,
oysters.
✔✔Point Source - ✔✔from specific location such as pipe or smokestack
✔✔Non-Point Source - ✔✔from over an area such as agricultural (farm) runoff, traffic.
✔✔Eutrophication - ✔✔rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen &
phosphorus.
