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Pathophysiology Online Exam
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Acid-base imbalance from vomiting -ANS-Metabolic alkalosis.
Caseous necrosis -ANS-Type of necrosis typical in tuberculosis, where
granulomas contain cheesy, necrotic debris due to chronic
inflammation.
,Cause of anaphylactic shock -ANS-Massive histamine release causes
vasodilation, hypotension, and airway edema.
Cause of elevated ALP -ANS-ALP rises when bile flow is obstructed in
the liver or biliary tree.
Cause of esophageal varices -ANS-Increased portal pressure causes
collateral vessel dilation, risking hemorrhage.
Cause of oncotic edema -ANS-Reduced albumin decreases oncotic
pressure, leading to fluid movement into interstitial spaces.
Acromegaly -ANS-Excessive growth hormone secretion in adults,
presenting with enlarged hands, feet, and facial features.
Acute glomerulonephritis -ANS-The kidneys show punctate
hemorrhages due to capillary inflammation and injury.
Angiotensin II -ANS-Has the effect of vasoconstriction and aldosterone
release, raising BP and promoting sodium and water retention.
Addison's disease -ANS-Condition associated with decreased cortisol
and aldosterone due to primary adrenal insufficiency reducing
glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production.
Air trapping and hyperinflation -ANS-COPD causes loss of elastic recoil
and obstruction, leading to air retention and barrel chest.
, Aldosterone -ANS-Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss
in the distal nephron to increase blood volume.
Aldosterone in Addison's -ANS-Low aldosterone in Addison's leads to
sodium loss and potassium retention.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -ANS-ADH deficiency causes large
volumes of dilute urine and risk of dehydration.
Anxiety disorders -ANS-Condition associated with decreased GABA
activity in the brain, where decreased function promotes neuronal
excitability and anxiety.
Aplastic anemia -ANS-Bone marrow failure leads to reduced
production of all cell lines.
Apoptosis -ANS-Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged
or unneeded cells without inflammation.
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture -ANS-Plaque rupture leads to thrombus
formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing infarction.
B Lymphocytes -ANS-B cells differentiate into plasma cells which
produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
Baroreceptor reflex -ANS-Baroreceptors detect pressure changes and
adjust heart rate and vessel tone.