UTA 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SUMMER SESSION THIRD ASSESSMENT TEST
PAPER 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
PRECISE CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Most types of cellular accumulations occur as a result of what 4
mechanisms. Answer: 1 - insufficient removal of normal substance
because of altered packaging/transport
2-abnormal substance (result of mutated gene) accumulated because of
deficits in protein folding, transport, or abnormal degredation
3 - endogenous substance not effectively catabolized because of lack of
vital lysosomal enzyme
4 - harmful exogenous materials such as heavy metals, dusts,
microorganisms that accumulate because of inhalation, ingestion, or
infection
⩥ normal substances that cause cell accumulation. Answer: water
protein
lipid
carbs
⩥ abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation. Answer: -
endogenous: product of abnormal metabolism synthesis
,-exogenous: infectious agent or material
⩥ pathophysiology of reperfusion injury. Answer: -generation of highly
reactive oxygen intermediates (oxidative stress)
-these radicals cause further membrane damage and mitochondrial
calcium overload
⩥ what does reperfusion cause. Answer: -causes creation of free
radicals, pH alterations, inflammatory signaling, osmotic changes, gap
junction changes, calcium overload, apoptosis
⩥ 7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation. Answer: -increased
movement of free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids
resulting in the preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic
effects
⩥ pathogenesis of bilirubin. Answer: -released when RBCs break down
-released into blood (unconjugated)
,-fat-soluble, cannot be elimintated through urine
-unconjugated is taken up in the liver cells, bound to glucuronic acid,
becomes conjugated bilirubin
-can now be eliminated through the kidney
-some becomes part of bile, some is eliminated in urine and feces giving
yellow and brown color (bilirubin is a pigment)
⩥ What is jaundice caused by. Answer: excess bilirubin
⩥ what is excess bilirubin caused by. Answer: -diseases that cause
destruction of RBC (hemolytic jaundice)
-Diseases affecting the metabolism and excretion of bilirubin in the liver
-diseases that can obstruct the common bile duct (gallstones/pancreatic
tumors)
⩥ Effects of free cytosolic calcium. Answer: -normally removed by ATP
dependent calcium pumps
-If abnormal permeability of calcium ion channels, direct damage to
membranes, or depletion of ATP (i.e. hypoxic injury)
-then calcium level increases
-if not buffered or pumped out, uncontrolled enzyme activation takes
place
, -leading to: phosphorylation of protein and chromatin fragmentation,
membrane damage, cytoskeletal disassembly (damage), nucleus
chromatin damage
-often final pathway in many causes of cell death
⩥ pyknosis. Answer: in some cells the nucleus shrinks and becomes a
small dense (clumped together) mass of genetic material. The pyknotic
nucleus eventually dissolves (by karyolysis)
⩥ karyorrhexias. Answer: a degenerative cellular process involving
fragmentation of the nucleus and the breakup of the chromatin into
unstructured granules
⩥ karyolysis. Answer: nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin from
the action of hydrolytic enzymes. Result of the action of hydrolytic
lysosomal enzymes on DNA
⩥ Liquefactive necrosis. Answer: brain infarct, bacterial infections; wet
gangrene
type of necrosis which results in a transformation of the tissue into a
liquid viscous mass.
⩥ coagulative necrosis. Answer: primarily occurs in kidneys, heart, and
adrenal glands
SUMMER SESSION THIRD ASSESSMENT TEST
PAPER 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND
PRECISE CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Most types of cellular accumulations occur as a result of what 4
mechanisms. Answer: 1 - insufficient removal of normal substance
because of altered packaging/transport
2-abnormal substance (result of mutated gene) accumulated because of
deficits in protein folding, transport, or abnormal degredation
3 - endogenous substance not effectively catabolized because of lack of
vital lysosomal enzyme
4 - harmful exogenous materials such as heavy metals, dusts,
microorganisms that accumulate because of inhalation, ingestion, or
infection
⩥ normal substances that cause cell accumulation. Answer: water
protein
lipid
carbs
⩥ abnormal substances that cause cell accumulation. Answer: -
endogenous: product of abnormal metabolism synthesis
,-exogenous: infectious agent or material
⩥ pathophysiology of reperfusion injury. Answer: -generation of highly
reactive oxygen intermediates (oxidative stress)
-these radicals cause further membrane damage and mitochondrial
calcium overload
⩥ what does reperfusion cause. Answer: -causes creation of free
radicals, pH alterations, inflammatory signaling, osmotic changes, gap
junction changes, calcium overload, apoptosis
⩥ 7 possible mechanisms of fatty accumulation. Answer: -increased
movement of free fatty acids into the liver
-Failure of metabolic process that converts fatty acids to phospholipids
resulting in the preferential conversion of the fatty acids to triglycerides
-increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids
-decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid acceptors)
-failure of lipids to bind with apoproteins and form lipoproteins
-failure of mechanisms that transport lipoproteins out of the cell
-direct damage to the ER by free radicals released by alcohol's toxic
effects
⩥ pathogenesis of bilirubin. Answer: -released when RBCs break down
-released into blood (unconjugated)
,-fat-soluble, cannot be elimintated through urine
-unconjugated is taken up in the liver cells, bound to glucuronic acid,
becomes conjugated bilirubin
-can now be eliminated through the kidney
-some becomes part of bile, some is eliminated in urine and feces giving
yellow and brown color (bilirubin is a pigment)
⩥ What is jaundice caused by. Answer: excess bilirubin
⩥ what is excess bilirubin caused by. Answer: -diseases that cause
destruction of RBC (hemolytic jaundice)
-Diseases affecting the metabolism and excretion of bilirubin in the liver
-diseases that can obstruct the common bile duct (gallstones/pancreatic
tumors)
⩥ Effects of free cytosolic calcium. Answer: -normally removed by ATP
dependent calcium pumps
-If abnormal permeability of calcium ion channels, direct damage to
membranes, or depletion of ATP (i.e. hypoxic injury)
-then calcium level increases
-if not buffered or pumped out, uncontrolled enzyme activation takes
place
, -leading to: phosphorylation of protein and chromatin fragmentation,
membrane damage, cytoskeletal disassembly (damage), nucleus
chromatin damage
-often final pathway in many causes of cell death
⩥ pyknosis. Answer: in some cells the nucleus shrinks and becomes a
small dense (clumped together) mass of genetic material. The pyknotic
nucleus eventually dissolves (by karyolysis)
⩥ karyorrhexias. Answer: a degenerative cellular process involving
fragmentation of the nucleus and the breakup of the chromatin into
unstructured granules
⩥ karyolysis. Answer: nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin from
the action of hydrolytic enzymes. Result of the action of hydrolytic
lysosomal enzymes on DNA
⩥ Liquefactive necrosis. Answer: brain infarct, bacterial infections; wet
gangrene
type of necrosis which results in a transformation of the tissue into a
liquid viscous mass.
⩥ coagulative necrosis. Answer: primarily occurs in kidneys, heart, and
adrenal glands
