BIOL 459 - Final Exam Questions with 100% Verified
Answers Latest Update
Question: what is a social behaviour?
Answer:
not indicating intent and thoughts of the animals, it just happens effects on actor and
recipient:
Question: what constitutes a cooperative behaviour?
Answer:
cooperative is when the interest of fitness of the two indivs is the same
Question: what are the four types of intraspecific interactions? who benefits, who is harmed
for each?
Answer:
1. mutualism: good for both
2. altruistic: good for recipient but not actor
3. selfish: good for actor bad for recipient
4. spiteful: bad for both
Question: what are the five main explanations for why cooperative behaviour evovles?
Answer:
1. Kin selection: they are related so of course they want to benefit both
2. Bi-product: might be cooperation that arises as a by-product of a selfish act. one
organisms is doing a selfish act and it accidentally helps the other, but really the selfish act
is beign selected for.
3. Reciprocity: things like recirprocal altruism, where there be some return at a future date,
trust or promise that the recipient will reiceve of eual or greater value in the future.
4. Enforcement: not exactly cooperation but instead coercion happening, punishment and
cheating. if they cheat maybe there is punishment if they find out, or rewards for
cooperation.
5. Group selection: mayeb... hard to find lots of examples, rare and under very specific
conditions
Question: what is diplodiploidy?
Answer:
2n, regular meiosis...sex chromosmes determine sex
Question: what is haplodiploidy?
Answer:
,amount go chromsomes determines sex..
Question: be able to calculate the coefficient of relatedness for a diplodiploid family (as far
out as first cousins)
Answer:
...
Question: what is meant by inclusive fitness?
Answer:
kin selection: direct fitnes = gene copies passed by oyurself Indirect ftness: gene copies
passed by relatives inclusive = direct fitness + indirect fitness sometimes mor important or
as important as indirect fitness. might see some organisms decrease there own fitness to
increase their relatives fitness.
Question: chapter 15
Answer:
Question: what are the components of inclusive fitness?
Answer:
direct fitness + indirect fitness.??
Question: what is Hamilton's rule?
Answer:
tells you when kin selection matter most? the less therelationship the more benfit there has
to be to overcome the cost... go over this... turkery example?
Question: why do animals give alarm calls?
Answer:
1. signal to the predaote: make future attacks less likely
2. reduce predator success
3. signal to conspecifics:increase predation risk for sender, benefits recivers. they are
drawing attention to themself. 4.one way to recognize relatives
Question:
Answer:
Question: in (Krakauer, 2005), why are turkeys displaying in pairs? what does the
subordinate male have to gain? how did they demonstrate this?
, Answer:
Quantitiative test of hamiltons rules the two males are forming females together, one male
is domninant over the other and gets all the mating, Krauker though its kin selected so they
tested hamiltons rule. they were 42% related. theydid the math and it is supported that the
benefit is greater than the cost of having its ownoffsrping.
Question: how do individual animals recognize kin?
Answer:
dont necessarliy have to recognize it, but they are slected to act towards it.
1. social recognition: species, gender, social, indivdual, kin; either recognizing indivs of
species or of gender, another level is recognizng indivs in your social group, another level is
recognizing certain indivs, this is most likley th emsot important type in sharing social
behaviour in mammals and birds, kin recognition is another type of social recognition,
distinushing relatives fromnon relative.
2. condition vs. fixed strtegies:
-condition involves kin discrimition, recognizing and being involved with how they behave
towards a certain indivdual is determined by how they are related to the,. if they are sister
thy behave one wy or the other.
-fixed: they have fixed behaviour whether they are realted or not. likley because they either
dont recognize kin, or because they are always encountering kin, everyone around them is
related.
1. bheaviours may be affectd by average relatedness of indivuals-conditional..??
2. low dispersal = higher average relatedness. fixed..
Question: why might kin recognition be unnecessary for kin selection to occur?
Answer:
dont assume that it has to be about whether or not they can actually tell if someone is your
brother or not, if it is likley that everyone is your brother thn selection will favour altruism.
as long as selectiona cts on it, it doesnt matter if they can actuall recognize kin
Question: what is the green beard effect?
Answer:
two characters in a linakge disequlibrium,may be because they are on the same
chromomse, or evolution just causes it. but one is signaling one thing and the other singals
another. two loci in disagreement with each other.
Question: what is the green beard in fire ants?
Answer:
multiple queens per nest Gp-9 locus - green beard gene Polygene queens =multiple
heterozygous Bb they thought all the queens are heterozygous, you would epxect this to be
the opposite. this is because homozygous for the recessive allele indivs die really early and
do not make it to adulthood. any BB started to reproduce would likly be killed by workers. its
Answers Latest Update
Question: what is a social behaviour?
Answer:
not indicating intent and thoughts of the animals, it just happens effects on actor and
recipient:
Question: what constitutes a cooperative behaviour?
Answer:
cooperative is when the interest of fitness of the two indivs is the same
Question: what are the four types of intraspecific interactions? who benefits, who is harmed
for each?
Answer:
1. mutualism: good for both
2. altruistic: good for recipient but not actor
3. selfish: good for actor bad for recipient
4. spiteful: bad for both
Question: what are the five main explanations for why cooperative behaviour evovles?
Answer:
1. Kin selection: they are related so of course they want to benefit both
2. Bi-product: might be cooperation that arises as a by-product of a selfish act. one
organisms is doing a selfish act and it accidentally helps the other, but really the selfish act
is beign selected for.
3. Reciprocity: things like recirprocal altruism, where there be some return at a future date,
trust or promise that the recipient will reiceve of eual or greater value in the future.
4. Enforcement: not exactly cooperation but instead coercion happening, punishment and
cheating. if they cheat maybe there is punishment if they find out, or rewards for
cooperation.
5. Group selection: mayeb... hard to find lots of examples, rare and under very specific
conditions
Question: what is diplodiploidy?
Answer:
2n, regular meiosis...sex chromosmes determine sex
Question: what is haplodiploidy?
Answer:
,amount go chromsomes determines sex..
Question: be able to calculate the coefficient of relatedness for a diplodiploid family (as far
out as first cousins)
Answer:
...
Question: what is meant by inclusive fitness?
Answer:
kin selection: direct fitnes = gene copies passed by oyurself Indirect ftness: gene copies
passed by relatives inclusive = direct fitness + indirect fitness sometimes mor important or
as important as indirect fitness. might see some organisms decrease there own fitness to
increase their relatives fitness.
Question: chapter 15
Answer:
Question: what are the components of inclusive fitness?
Answer:
direct fitness + indirect fitness.??
Question: what is Hamilton's rule?
Answer:
tells you when kin selection matter most? the less therelationship the more benfit there has
to be to overcome the cost... go over this... turkery example?
Question: why do animals give alarm calls?
Answer:
1. signal to the predaote: make future attacks less likely
2. reduce predator success
3. signal to conspecifics:increase predation risk for sender, benefits recivers. they are
drawing attention to themself. 4.one way to recognize relatives
Question:
Answer:
Question: in (Krakauer, 2005), why are turkeys displaying in pairs? what does the
subordinate male have to gain? how did they demonstrate this?
, Answer:
Quantitiative test of hamiltons rules the two males are forming females together, one male
is domninant over the other and gets all the mating, Krauker though its kin selected so they
tested hamiltons rule. they were 42% related. theydid the math and it is supported that the
benefit is greater than the cost of having its ownoffsrping.
Question: how do individual animals recognize kin?
Answer:
dont necessarliy have to recognize it, but they are slected to act towards it.
1. social recognition: species, gender, social, indivdual, kin; either recognizing indivs of
species or of gender, another level is recognizng indivs in your social group, another level is
recognizing certain indivs, this is most likley th emsot important type in sharing social
behaviour in mammals and birds, kin recognition is another type of social recognition,
distinushing relatives fromnon relative.
2. condition vs. fixed strtegies:
-condition involves kin discrimition, recognizing and being involved with how they behave
towards a certain indivdual is determined by how they are related to the,. if they are sister
thy behave one wy or the other.
-fixed: they have fixed behaviour whether they are realted or not. likley because they either
dont recognize kin, or because they are always encountering kin, everyone around them is
related.
1. bheaviours may be affectd by average relatedness of indivuals-conditional..??
2. low dispersal = higher average relatedness. fixed..
Question: why might kin recognition be unnecessary for kin selection to occur?
Answer:
dont assume that it has to be about whether or not they can actually tell if someone is your
brother or not, if it is likley that everyone is your brother thn selection will favour altruism.
as long as selectiona cts on it, it doesnt matter if they can actuall recognize kin
Question: what is the green beard effect?
Answer:
two characters in a linakge disequlibrium,may be because they are on the same
chromomse, or evolution just causes it. but one is signaling one thing and the other singals
another. two loci in disagreement with each other.
Question: what is the green beard in fire ants?
Answer:
multiple queens per nest Gp-9 locus - green beard gene Polygene queens =multiple
heterozygous Bb they thought all the queens are heterozygous, you would epxect this to be
the opposite. this is because homozygous for the recessive allele indivs die really early and
do not make it to adulthood. any BB started to reproduce would likly be killed by workers. its
