A&P 2 FINAL EXAM | PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep
,pancreas releases: insulin and glucagon
*regulates blood sugar
parathyroid gland releases: PTH
*increases blood calcium when low
too much blood glucose: pancreas releases insulin
*causes glucose uptake in cells & storage in liver
*glucose stored as glycogen
negative feedback
too little blood glucose: pancreas releases glucagon
*causes liver to turn stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood
negative feedback
diabetes 1 insulin shortage (autoimmune)
*no glucose uptake - hyperglycemia
hyperglycemia excessive sugar in the blood
*can be caused by diabetes 1`
diabetes 2 deficit in insulin receptor signals
*need external regulator for GLUT expression
*hypoglycemia
hypoglycemia abnormally low level of sugar in the blood
too much blood calcium: thyroid gland releases calcitonin
*causes osteoblasts to deposit bone
*reduces uptake in kidneys (more calcium in urine)
*negative feedback
what does calcitonin reduce? uptake in the kidneys
*more calcium in the urine
, too little blood calcium: parathyroid gland releases PTH
*increases Ca2+ uptake in kidneys
*with Vitamin D - increases Ca2+ uptake in intestines
cortisol regulation hypothalamus releases CRH
AP gland releases ACTH
ACTH causes cortisol release from adrenal glands
cortisol glucose and protein metabolism under long term stress
*target cells:
liver: make new glucose from fat
adipose tissues: broken down for new glucose
*creates Na+ and H2O retention, weakened immune system
growth hormone regulation hypothalamus releases GHRH to AP gland
AP gland releases GH
GH stimulates IGF-2 release from liver
GH target tissues makes more proteins
decreases breakdown
increase fat breakdown
increase tissue growth
increase glucose synthesis (decrease usage)
thyroid hormone regulation hypothalamus releases TRH onto thyrotropes
AP gland releases TSH
T3 and T4 released into blood by follicular cells
thyroid hormone target cells increase metabolic rate everywhere
increase glucose usage (liver)
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
use of fatty acids for energy
hypothyroidism iodine deficiency
high TRH - AP gland releases excess TSH
T3 never gets made
*swollen thyroid
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS |
GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
Exam Prep
,pancreas releases: insulin and glucagon
*regulates blood sugar
parathyroid gland releases: PTH
*increases blood calcium when low
too much blood glucose: pancreas releases insulin
*causes glucose uptake in cells & storage in liver
*glucose stored as glycogen
negative feedback
too little blood glucose: pancreas releases glucagon
*causes liver to turn stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood
negative feedback
diabetes 1 insulin shortage (autoimmune)
*no glucose uptake - hyperglycemia
hyperglycemia excessive sugar in the blood
*can be caused by diabetes 1`
diabetes 2 deficit in insulin receptor signals
*need external regulator for GLUT expression
*hypoglycemia
hypoglycemia abnormally low level of sugar in the blood
too much blood calcium: thyroid gland releases calcitonin
*causes osteoblasts to deposit bone
*reduces uptake in kidneys (more calcium in urine)
*negative feedback
what does calcitonin reduce? uptake in the kidneys
*more calcium in the urine
, too little blood calcium: parathyroid gland releases PTH
*increases Ca2+ uptake in kidneys
*with Vitamin D - increases Ca2+ uptake in intestines
cortisol regulation hypothalamus releases CRH
AP gland releases ACTH
ACTH causes cortisol release from adrenal glands
cortisol glucose and protein metabolism under long term stress
*target cells:
liver: make new glucose from fat
adipose tissues: broken down for new glucose
*creates Na+ and H2O retention, weakened immune system
growth hormone regulation hypothalamus releases GHRH to AP gland
AP gland releases GH
GH stimulates IGF-2 release from liver
GH target tissues makes more proteins
decreases breakdown
increase fat breakdown
increase tissue growth
increase glucose synthesis (decrease usage)
thyroid hormone regulation hypothalamus releases TRH onto thyrotropes
AP gland releases TSH
T3 and T4 released into blood by follicular cells
thyroid hormone target cells increase metabolic rate everywhere
increase glucose usage (liver)
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
use of fatty acids for energy
hypothyroidism iodine deficiency
high TRH - AP gland releases excess TSH
T3 never gets made
*swollen thyroid
