PNH 301 Test 2 2026/2027 – 80+ Questions & Answers, Hypertension, ACS, MI, CAD, Heart Failure, PAD, VTE & ECG

This PNH 301 Test 2 2026/2027 resource is an extensive 47-page cardiovascular nursing study guide containing 80+ exam questions and answers, including multiple-choice questions, select-all-that-apply items, clinical scenarios and concise concept reviews. The document covers hypertension, hypertensive crisis, coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), stable and unstable angina, heart failure, peripheral arterial and venous disorders, vascular emergencies, venous thromboembolism (VTE), ECG interpretation, dysrhythmias, pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators. It is structured around clinically relevant assessment findings, diagnostic testing, pharmacological management, nursing priorities and patient education. The opening section provides detailed preparation on hypertension and hypertensive crisis. Students distinguish primary from secondary hypertension and review contributing conditions such as renal disease, endocrine disorders, pregnancy, medications, neurological disorders and coarctation of the aorta. Diagnostic concepts include urinalysis, serum electrolytes, blood urea and creatinine, fasting glucose, cholesterol testing and 12-lead ECG. Complications covered include coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, nephrosclerosis and retinal damage. Lifestyle management emphasizes nutrition, weight reduction, physical activity, tobacco avoidance, alcohol modification and stress management. Hypertensive emergencies receive additional attention through questions on severe elevations in blood pressure and associated neurological, renal and cardiovascular target-organ injury. Students review hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, acute renal failure, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema and aortic dissection. Nursing management includes IV medication therapy, continuous blood-pressure assessment, urine-output monitoring, cardiac and renal monitoring, neurological checks and identification of the precipitating cause. The guide also includes age-related cardiovascular changes such as reduced arterial elasticity, increased peripheral vascular resistance, impaired baroreceptor responses and declining renal function. A substantial portion covers CAD, atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome. Students review endothelial injury, fatty-streak and lipid-core formation, fibrous plaque development and progression to complicated lesions involving plaque rupture and thrombosis. ACS is divided into unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI, while the guide explains how plaque disruption, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and thrombus formation can reduce coronary perfusion. Chronic stable angina, unstable angina and Prinzmetal/variant angina are compared by onset, precipitating factors and clinical presentation. The myocardial infarction section examines chest pressure or pain, radiation of discomfort, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis and other possible presentations. Diagnostic evaluation includes 12-lead ECG, troponin, creatine kinase, myoglobin and coronary angiography. Students review ST-segment and T-wave changes, STEMI versus NSTEMI/unstable angina and the clinical significance of elevated troponin. The document also addresses emergent PCI and fibrinolytic therapy, including major contraindications such as active internal bleeding, previous cerebral hemorrhage, recent ischemic stroke, intracranial neoplasm and suspected aortic dissection. Cardiac treatment questions cover PCI, intracoronary stents and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The guide describes PCI as catheter-based coronary revascularization and identifies situations in which CABG may be considered, including significant left-main or multivessel coronary disease, unsuitable anatomy for PCI, unsuccessful PCI with continuing symptoms and anticipated long-term benefit. Pharmacological content includes nitroglycerin, morphine, beta-adrenergic blockers, ACE inhibitors, aspirin, clopidogrel, calcium-channel blockers, low-molecular-weight heparin, statins and ezetimibe. Post-MI complications reviewed include dysrhythmias, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, pericarditis, ventricular aneurysm and papillary-muscle dysfunction. Another major section focuses on peripheral vascular disease and impaired tissue perfusion. Students distinguish peripheral arterial disease from venous insufficiency and study intermittent claudication, rest pain, weak peripheral pulses, cool extremities, hair loss, shiny skin, impaired movement and sensation, arterial and venous ulcers and chronic venous stasis. The classic **six Ps—pain, pallor, pulselessness, poikilothermia, paralysis and paresthesia—**are presented as important manifestations of impaired arterial perfusion. Diagnostic testing includes physical assessment, ankle-brachial index, ultrasonography and angiography. The vascular content expands into acute arterial occlusion, Raynaud phenomenon, Buerger disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection and venous thromboembolism. Clinical scenarios test recognition of sudden ischemic limb findings, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, postoperative priorities following aneurysm repair and blood-pressure control in suspected acute aortic dissection. VTE questions cover risk factors, unilateral edema, calf pain and tenderness, low-molecular-weight heparin treatment, anticoagulant safety and monitoring for bleeding. Venous-ulcer management emphasizes graduated compression therapy as presented in the course material. The heart failure section distinguishes left- and right-sided manifestations. Left-sided failure is associated with dyspnea, orthopnea, pulmonary congestion, crackles, tachypnea, pulmonary edema, fatigue, confusion, tachycardia and reduced urine output. Right-sided failure includes jugular venous distention, peripheral/dependent edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, abdominal symptoms, nocturia and weight gain related to fluid retention. Students also review biventricular failure, BNP testing, ECG, echocardiography, chest imaging, renal and hepatic laboratory assessment, preload, afterload, contractility and cardiac reserve. The final section extends the examination into cardiac electrophysiology and dysrhythmia management. Questions review the P wave and atrial depolarization, the Purkinje system, systemic vascular resistance, baroreceptor responses, ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia, heart block and ventricular bigeminy. Students distinguish defibrillation from synchronized cardioversion and review patient education for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and permanent pacemakers. The document concludes with electrophysiological monitoring and catheter ablation for tachydysrhythmias, giving students broad preparation that integrates cardiovascular pathophysiology with nursing assessment and intervention. For academic cross-reference, the content closely corresponds with cardiovascular material in Harding et al., Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, particularly its coverage of hypertension, coronary artery disease, ACS, heart failure, vascular disorders and dysrhythmias. Cardiovascular concepts can also be compared with current professional guidance from the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC). Students should note that the document includes some course-specific or potentially dated thresholds and treatment statements—for example, its opening definition of hypertension as 140/90 mmHg—so current clinical guidelines and the assigned course textbook should be used when precise contemporary diagnostic or treatment standards are required. This document is especially relevant for PNH 301 students, practical nursing students, PN/LPN students, BSN and RN students, medical-surgical nursing students, adult-health nursing students and learners preparing for cardiovascular examinations. It is particularly valuable for students studying hypertension, ACS, MI, CAD, angina, PCI, CABG, heart failure, PAD, venous insufficiency, VTE, aneurysms, ECG interpretation, dysrhythmias, cardioversion, defibrillation, pacemakers and cardiovascular nursing priorities. The uploaded document does not identify a specific university, so University Not Specified is retained rather than assigning an unsupported institution. 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