BNKN 601 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BNKN 601 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Aetiology of bipolar disorder - Answers - Neurochemical factors - Hormonal systems - Circadian Rhythms Aetiology of Depression - Answers - Genetic Factors, - Neurochemical factors, hormonal systems, circadian rhythms and the immune system - Sex differences (more likely in women) Anhedonia - Answers Marked diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day Affect - Answers Observable mood (subjective) Mood: - Answers How the patient feels (objective) Dysthymic: - Answers Lowered mood that is chronic Labile: - Answers Rapidly changing emotional state Complete the DSM 5 criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder. - Answers 1. Depressed mood 2. Loss of interest or pleasure 3. Significant weight loss or gain 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day 6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day 7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day 8. Diminished ability to think, concentrate or indecisiveness nearly every day 9. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation Bipolar Disorder - Answers ... is characterised by a cycling between depression and normal mood and mania. This may occur over days to weeks to months Complete the DSM 5 criteria for a manic disorder. - Answers A. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week and present most of the day, nearly every day. B. During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, 3 or more of the following symptoms (4 if mood only irritable) are present to a significant degree and represent noticeable change from usual behaviour 1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity 2. Decreased need for sleep 3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking 4.Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing 5. Distractibility 6. Increase in goal directed activity, has plans for executing plans (e.g. social, work, school or sexual activity) 7. Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that may have negative consequences (e.g. shopping, sexual or business activities) C. The mood disturbance is severe enough to cause marked impairment of functioning or to necessitate hospitalisation to prevent harm to self or others D. The episode is not due to a substance or medical condition. Interventions for acute mania - Answers - Give firm, simple directions and comments. - Limit setting may be required - Never reinforce hallucinations, delusions or irrational beliefs - Reinforce reality - Do not engage in arguments or debates about ward rules Interventions for major depression - Answers - Express hope - Focus on the clients strengths - Make positive decisions for the client if they are unwilling to make decisions for themselves - Spend time with withdrawn clients Aetiology of anxiety disorders - Answers - Trauma - Environmental factors (nurture) - Genetic factors (nature) Types of anxiety disorders - Answers - Panic disorder - Social phobia (Social anxiety disorder SAD) - Agoraphobia - Specific phobia - Adjustment disorder - Acute stress disorder - Post-traumatic stress disorder - Obsessive compulsive disorder - Generalised anxiety disorder Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) - Answers -Therapy that aims to help people develop more efficient coping mechanisms by equipping them with strategies that promote logical ways of thinking about and responding to everyday situations -Helps make sense of the consumer's historical experiences, beliefs systems, attitudes and day to day thoughts, physiological symptoms, emotional experiences and behavioural reactions within the context of their current environment. Interventions for a panic attack - Answers - Remain with the person - Stay calm - "Reassure they will not faint, die or lose control" - "You are having a panic attack and I will support you to be calm again" - Encourage the person to get on with their day Common symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal - Answers - Headache - Tremor - Sweating - Agitation - Nausea - Irritability - Poor concentration - Sensitivity to light - Vomiting - Disorientation - Difficulty concentrating - Disturbed sleep Aetiology of Substance use disorder - Answers - Social factors - Psychological factors - Cultural factors - Personality factors - Physiological factors - Genetic factors Components of a brief intervention - Answers Assessment - AUDIT Summary Education Advice Negotiation of a plan Stages of Change - Answers 1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance Identify 6 common symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. - Answers - Headache - Tremor - Sweating - Agitation - Nausea - Irritability Hui Process step 1 - Answers Mihi: initial greeting and engagement Hui Process step 2 - Answers Whakawhānaungatanga: making a connection Hui Process step 3 - Answers Kaupapa: main purpose of the encounter Hui Process step 4 - Answers Poroporoaki: concluding Meihana Model components - Answers Patient, whanau, Tinana, hinengaro, wairua, taiao, iwi katoa Aetiology of personality disorders - Answers - Biological - Psychological - Social risk factors - Environmental factors - Childhood abuse or neglect Reasons for DSH - Answers - Self-control - Providing emotional relief - Relieving tension build up - Alleviating feelings of emptiness - Escaping flashbacks - Expressing forbidden anger against self or others - Releasing self-hatred arising from experiencing violence - Decreasing alienation from others Nursing interventions for working with personality disorders - Answers - Management of self-harm - Therapeutic communities - Crisis intervention - Team nursing - Pharmacology - Limit setting - Interactive therapies - Self-management Anti social personality disorder - Answers - At least 18 years old - Disregard for the law - Exhibits reckless, aggressive, deceitful and impulsive behaviour - Does not show remorse - Is unable to sustain work/study Borderline Personality disorder - Answers - Is terrified of abandonment and actively attempts to avoid it - Experiences intense and unstable moods - Forms intense and unstable relationships - Engages in impulsive self-destructive behaviours - Exhibits recurrent suicidal behaviour Histrionic Personality disorder - Answers - Craves being the centre of attention and engages in self-dramatization and/or uses physical appearance to attain this - Displays inappropriately sexually seductive behaviour - Uses speech to impress others but is lacking in depth - Is prone to exaggeration and dramatic expression of emotion - Tends to exaggerate the degree of intimacy that they share with others - Tends to be easily led by others Narcissistic Personality disorder - Answers - Brims with self-importance and grandiosity - Displays arrogance - Lacks empathy - Tends to exploit others for their own benefit + Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answers Are thought processes, emotions and behaviours that are exaggerations of, or additional to, what an individual experiences when they are well. - Delusions - Hallucinations - Thought disorder - Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Answers Negative symptoms are absences or reductions of thought processes, emotions and behaviours that were present prior to the onset of the illness, but have since diminished or are absent following onset. - Diminished emotional expression - Anhedonia - the inability to take pleasure in activities one would normally find enjoyable. - Avolition - Lack of initiative or goals; this affects personal hygiene, nutrition, occupation and physical activity - Alogia - speaking very little or a lack of spontaneous content in conversation, called "poverty of speech." - Asociality - lack of interest in social interactions - Poverty of ideas - Anergia -loss of energy Interventions for Psychosis and Schizophrenia - Answers Type 1 Diabetes - Answers Diabetes caused by a total lack of insulin production Type 2 Diabetes - Answers Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a condition when the body becomes resistant to normal effects of insulin and gradually loses the ability to produce insulin Hypoglycaemia - Answers When blood sugar levels are too low When conscious the nurse could administer glucose tablets, jelly beans or something similarly sweet. Hyperglycaemia - Answers When blood glucose levels are too high Treated using insulin Metabolic Syndrome - Answers Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of abnormal clinical and metabolic findings that result in an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD mortality. These findings include increased BP and insulin resistance. 4 major categories of psychotropic medications - Answers 1. Anti-anxiety 2. Antidepressant 3. Mood-stabilising 4. Antipsychotic What are some of the factors that contribute to non-adherence with psychotropic medication? - Answers -Medication side effects -lack of insight -Personal preference -Fail to see connection between the illness and medication -Getting better and discontinuing use -Cost -Fear of addiction Anti-anxiety medications - Answers - Chlordiazepoxide - Diazepam - Clonazepam - Alprazolam - Lorazepam Side effects of Anti- anxiety medications - Answers - Drowsiness - Dizziness - Feelings of detachment - Dependency, rebound insomnia/anxiety - Low BP - Headaches - Nausea - Diarrhoea Anti Depressant medications - Answers -Tricyclic and related drugs - Amitriptyline - Lofepramine -Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and related drugs (SSRI's) - Fluoxetine - Paroxetine -Noradrenaline serotonin reuptake inhibitors (NSRI) - Venlafaxine - Mirtazapine -Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Isocarboxazid - Phenelzine - Tranylcpromine Side effects of anti depressants - Answers - Nausea - Diarrhoea - Anxiety - Restlessness - Insomnia - Sexual dysfunction - Loss of appetite - Weight loss - Headache - Nausea - Dry mouth - Dizziness - Excessive sweating - Agitation - Constipation - Drowsiness - Agitation - Fatigue - GI disturbances - Weight gain - Hypotension Mood stabilising medications - Answers -Lithium - Lithium carbonate -Anticonvulsants - sodium Valproate - Lamotrigine Side effects of mood stabilising medications - Answers - Drowsiness - Metallic taste in mouth - Difficulty concentrating - Increased thirst - Dizziness - Headache - Dry mouth - GI upset - Nausea & vomiting - Fine hand tremor - Hypotension - Arrhythmias - Dehydration - Weight gain Antipsychotic medications - Answers Typical - Chlorpromazine - Haloperidol - Pimozide - Thioridazine - Flupenthixol Atypical - Olanzapine - Clozapine - Risperidone - Ziprasidone - Quetiapine Depot - Flupenthixol - Zuclopenthixol - Paliperidone - Relprev Side effects of Antipsychotics - Answers Typical - Sedation - Seizures - Muscle spasms - Dry mouth - Blurred vision Atypical - Drowsiness - Postural Hypotension - Weight Gain - Dry Mouth - Gastrointestinal Upset - Constipation on clozapine Consumer education for Lithium - Answers - Educate about signs of lithium toxicity - Encourage the consumer to drink 10 glasses of water daily - Risks during pregnancy - Remind to continue taking medication Lithium Toxicity - Answers -Lithium is the medication of choice for treatment of acute mania. Early stages -Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, coarse hand tremor, twitching, lethargy, ataxia, tinnitus, vertigo, weakness and drowsiness Later stages -Fever, decreased urinary output, decreased BP, irregular pulse, ECG changes, impaired consciousness, seizures, coma, death. Introductory information about Treaty of Waitangi - Answers The treaty of Waitangi is a document made up of four principles. As a part of the Nursing council of NZ (NCNZ) standards all nurses must work in a culturally safe manner and demonstrate an ability to apply these 4 principles to their practice. This ensures nurses have a commitment to be responsive to Maori interests and to ensure these are protected. Treaty principle 1 - Answers - Principle one of the Treaty of Waitangi is Tino Rangatiratanga. This principle 'enables Maori self-determination over health and ensures Maori have (1.1) autonomy and authority over their health - This relates to the Tinana component of the Meihana model. Tinana is the physical health and functioning of the client. - As a nurse promotion and education around physical health is important. - On my placement my client was concerned about her medications. I provided her with education on the importance of maintaining her medication adherence and how some of these impacted her physical health as they helped with her thyroid balance as well as her smoking cessation medications.