High-Yield Concepts for NBME CBSE
Exam Preparation EXAM QUESTION
ANSWERS
,Bioavailability (F) - CORRECT ANSWER-Fraction of drug reaching
systemic circulation
Half-life (t½) - CORRECT ANSWER-t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
Volume of Distribution (Vd) - CORRECT ANSWER-Increases for
lipophilic drugs
Clearance (CL) - CORRECT ANSWER-CL = Rate of elimination /
[Drug]
Loading Dose (LD) - CORRECT ANSWER-LD = Cp × Vd / F
Maintenance Dose (MD) - CORRECT ANSWER-MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
Agonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Bind and activate receptors
Antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Block receptors
Competitive Antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Cause a right shift in
the dose-response curve, same maximum effect
,Noncompetitive Antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Decrease
maximum effect of the agonist
Efficacy - CORRECT ANSWER-Maximum response of a drug, higher is
better
Potency - CORRECT ANSWER-Dose needed for a drug to achieve its
effect, higher means lower dose required
Michaelis-Menten Curve - CORRECT ANSWER-Describes the rate of
enzymatic reactions
Km - CORRECT ANSWER-Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
Competitive Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase Km, do not
affect Vmax
Noncompetitive Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Decrease Vmax, do
not affect Km
cAMP (Gs) - CORRECT ANSWER-Involved in signaling pathways for
β1/2, H2, D1, TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
, IP3 (Gq) - CORRECT ANSWER-Involved in signaling pathways for α1,
M1/3, H1, GnRH, TRH
Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - CORRECT ANSWER-Signaling pathway for
Insulin, IGF-1, FGF
JAK-STAT Pathway - CORRECT ANSWER-Signaling pathway for GH,
Prolactin, EPO, G-CSF
CD4⁺ T Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Subtypes include TH1, TH2,
TH17, and Treg, each with specific functions in immune response.
TH1 - CORRECT ANSWER-Activates macrophages through IL-12
leading to IFN-γ production.
TH2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE
production via IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
TH17 - CORRECT ANSWER-Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
Treg - CORRECT ANSWER-Suppresses immune responses using IL-
10 and TGF-β.
Exam Preparation EXAM QUESTION
ANSWERS
,Bioavailability (F) - CORRECT ANSWER-Fraction of drug reaching
systemic circulation
Half-life (t½) - CORRECT ANSWER-t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
Volume of Distribution (Vd) - CORRECT ANSWER-Increases for
lipophilic drugs
Clearance (CL) - CORRECT ANSWER-CL = Rate of elimination /
[Drug]
Loading Dose (LD) - CORRECT ANSWER-LD = Cp × Vd / F
Maintenance Dose (MD) - CORRECT ANSWER-MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
Agonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Bind and activate receptors
Antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Block receptors
Competitive Antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Cause a right shift in
the dose-response curve, same maximum effect
,Noncompetitive Antagonists - CORRECT ANSWER-Decrease
maximum effect of the agonist
Efficacy - CORRECT ANSWER-Maximum response of a drug, higher is
better
Potency - CORRECT ANSWER-Dose needed for a drug to achieve its
effect, higher means lower dose required
Michaelis-Menten Curve - CORRECT ANSWER-Describes the rate of
enzymatic reactions
Km - CORRECT ANSWER-Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
Competitive Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase Km, do not
affect Vmax
Noncompetitive Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Decrease Vmax, do
not affect Km
cAMP (Gs) - CORRECT ANSWER-Involved in signaling pathways for
β1/2, H2, D1, TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
, IP3 (Gq) - CORRECT ANSWER-Involved in signaling pathways for α1,
M1/3, H1, GnRH, TRH
Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - CORRECT ANSWER-Signaling pathway for
Insulin, IGF-1, FGF
JAK-STAT Pathway - CORRECT ANSWER-Signaling pathway for GH,
Prolactin, EPO, G-CSF
CD4⁺ T Cells - CORRECT ANSWER-Subtypes include TH1, TH2,
TH17, and Treg, each with specific functions in immune response.
TH1 - CORRECT ANSWER-Activates macrophages through IL-12
leading to IFN-γ production.
TH2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE
production via IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
TH17 - CORRECT ANSWER-Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
Treg - CORRECT ANSWER-Suppresses immune responses using IL-
10 and TGF-β.
