BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam 2026
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1.A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? phosphate group,
pentose sugar
(Deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
2.What nitrogenous bases are purinesAnswer: Adenine and Guanine?
3.What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Answer: cytosine, thymine,
uracil
4.How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines?Answer:
purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
5.What are the differences between DNA and RNA? DNA double
stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases
A, T, G, C
RNA single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the
2' Carbon), basesAnswer: A, U, G, C
6.Nucleoside vs Nucleotide nucleoside pentose sugar + nitrogenous
base nucleotide Answer: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base +
phosphate group
7.What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains?Answer: Phosphodiester
bonds
8.What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material?
Answer: 1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
9. Where are chromosomes located?Answer: cell's nucleus
,10. what is a centrosome?Answer: location in the cell that contains
centrioles
11. What are centrioles?Answer: microtubules that produce mitotic
spindle fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of
the cell
12. How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? 2
centrioles/1 centrosome 13. How many copies of each type of
chromosome does each eukaryotic cell
typically have?Answer: 2 copies
14. what are homologous chromosomes?Answer: copies of the same
type of DNA
15. What are non-homologous chromosomes?Answer: copies of
different chromosomes with different DNA
16. What is mitosis?Answer: cell division of one cell into 2 exact
duplicates
17. What are the six stages of Mitosis in order?Answer: interphase,
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and
cytokinesis
18 What happens during mitosis interphase? Answer: mitosis stage
that the cell is primarily in chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are
just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
19. What happens during interphase s-phase? Answer: Centrosome
replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome
replication occurs (still uncondensed)
20. What happens during mitosis prophase? Answer: centrioles move
to opposite ends of the cell using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
,chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a
kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers 21. What happens
during mitosis prometaphase? Answer: centrioles have reached polar
regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore
22. What happens during mitosis metaphase Answer: all
chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate
23. What happens during mitosis Anaphase? Answer: mitotic spindle
fibers pull chromosomes apart
into chromatids (4n)
24. What happens during mitosis telophase? Answer: nuclear
envelope reforms
plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at
this point
25. What happens during cytokinesis? Answer: cells split off; genetic
material becomes uncondensed 26. What happens during Meiosis?
Answer: Division of one diploid cell to yield 4 haploid cells that are
completely different
27. What happens during Meiosis 1?Answer: 1. Homologous
chromosomes pair to form tetrads.
2.Crossing over (exchange of sections of genetic material) occurs at
chiasmata.
3.Cell divides into two. Homologous chromosomes separate randomly.
Each cell contains either maternal or paternal copy. (1 diploids
becomes 2 haploid)
28. What happens during Meiosis 2?Answer: 1. Independent
segregation of sister chromatids.
2. Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells.
29 What are the three theories of DNA Replication?Answer: semi-
conservative(parent strands split
, and are used as templates for new DNA + it binds to the new DNA),
conservative(parents split to make new strands and then rejoin with
each other), dispersive(old and new DNA strands randomly join
together
30. What did the Meselson-Stahl experiment suggest was the correct
theory of
DNA Replication?Answer: semi-conservative
31. Describe the Meselson-Stahl experimentAnswer: 1. Bacteria were
grown in a medium containing heavy isotope 15N for many
generations.
2.Some bacteria were moved to a medium containing light isotope
14N. Samples were extracted after 1 & 2 cycles of DNA replication.
3.Centrifugation formed a pellet. Heavier DNA (bases made from 15N)
settled closer to bottom of tube.
32. What are the 8 ingredients needed for DNA replication?Answer:
Template DNA, Single-Strand
Binding and Initiator Proteins, Helicase, Gyrase, nucelotide precursor,
Primase and Primer, DNA Polymerase I, II, III, and DNA Ligase
UPDATE Verified Questions And
Answers | Guaranteed Success | A+|
With well-illustrated images
1.A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? phosphate group,
pentose sugar
(Deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
2.What nitrogenous bases are purinesAnswer: Adenine and Guanine?
3.What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Answer: cytosine, thymine,
uracil
4.How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines?Answer:
purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
5.What are the differences between DNA and RNA? DNA double
stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases
A, T, G, C
RNA single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the
2' Carbon), basesAnswer: A, U, G, C
6.Nucleoside vs Nucleotide nucleoside pentose sugar + nitrogenous
base nucleotide Answer: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base +
phosphate group
7.What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains?Answer: Phosphodiester
bonds
8.What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material?
Answer: 1.) Must contain important info to encode hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
9. Where are chromosomes located?Answer: cell's nucleus
,10. what is a centrosome?Answer: location in the cell that contains
centrioles
11. What are centrioles?Answer: microtubules that produce mitotic
spindle fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of
the cell
12. How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? 2
centrioles/1 centrosome 13. How many copies of each type of
chromosome does each eukaryotic cell
typically have?Answer: 2 copies
14. what are homologous chromosomes?Answer: copies of the same
type of DNA
15. What are non-homologous chromosomes?Answer: copies of
different chromosomes with different DNA
16. What is mitosis?Answer: cell division of one cell into 2 exact
duplicates
17. What are the six stages of Mitosis in order?Answer: interphase,
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and
cytokinesis
18 What happens during mitosis interphase? Answer: mitosis stage
that the cell is primarily in chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are
just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
19. What happens during interphase s-phase? Answer: Centrosome
replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome
replication occurs (still uncondensed)
20. What happens during mitosis prophase? Answer: centrioles move
to opposite ends of the cell using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
,chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a
kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers 21. What happens
during mitosis prometaphase? Answer: centrioles have reached polar
regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore
22. What happens during mitosis metaphase Answer: all
chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate
23. What happens during mitosis Anaphase? Answer: mitotic spindle
fibers pull chromosomes apart
into chromatids (4n)
24. What happens during mitosis telophase? Answer: nuclear
envelope reforms
plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at
this point
25. What happens during cytokinesis? Answer: cells split off; genetic
material becomes uncondensed 26. What happens during Meiosis?
Answer: Division of one diploid cell to yield 4 haploid cells that are
completely different
27. What happens during Meiosis 1?Answer: 1. Homologous
chromosomes pair to form tetrads.
2.Crossing over (exchange of sections of genetic material) occurs at
chiasmata.
3.Cell divides into two. Homologous chromosomes separate randomly.
Each cell contains either maternal or paternal copy. (1 diploids
becomes 2 haploid)
28. What happens during Meiosis 2?Answer: 1. Independent
segregation of sister chromatids.
2. Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells.
29 What are the three theories of DNA Replication?Answer: semi-
conservative(parent strands split
, and are used as templates for new DNA + it binds to the new DNA),
conservative(parents split to make new strands and then rejoin with
each other), dispersive(old and new DNA strands randomly join
together
30. What did the Meselson-Stahl experiment suggest was the correct
theory of
DNA Replication?Answer: semi-conservative
31. Describe the Meselson-Stahl experimentAnswer: 1. Bacteria were
grown in a medium containing heavy isotope 15N for many
generations.
2.Some bacteria were moved to a medium containing light isotope
14N. Samples were extracted after 1 & 2 cycles of DNA replication.
3.Centrifugation formed a pellet. Heavier DNA (bases made from 15N)
settled closer to bottom of tube.
32. What are the 8 ingredients needed for DNA replication?Answer:
Template DNA, Single-Strand
Binding and Initiator Proteins, Helicase, Gyrase, nucelotide precursor,
Primase and Primer, DNA Polymerase I, II, III, and DNA Ligase
