Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Portage Learning BIOD 152
A&P 2 Final Exam
Verified Questions & Answers
2026/2027 Official Exam
A+ Verified Edition: 2026/2027 Pass: 75%
COVER PAGE - 1
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 2026/2027 Page 1 of 28
, SECTIONS COVERED
Section 1: Endocrine System
Section 2: Cardiovascular System
Section 3: Lymphatic & Immune System
Section 4: Respiratory System
Section 5: Digestive System
Section 6: Urinary & Reproductive Systems
Introduction
This study pack for Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam contains verified questions and correct answers for
the 2026/2027 examination period. All questions are multiple-choice with four options (A through D). Each question
includes a rationale explaining the correct answer and why the best distractor is incorrect. The passing score for this
examination is 75%. Review each question carefully and refer to the answer key at the end of the document for
verification.
Section 1: Endocrine System
Q1.
A 42-year-old female presents with unexplained weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, and dry skin. Laboratory
tests reveal elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone and low free T4. Which endocrine disorder do these findings
most accurately describe?
A. Hypothyroidism due to primary thyroid gland failure, as elevated TSH indicates the pituitary is compensating for
insufficient thyroid hormone production
B. Hyperthyroidism, because elevated TSH directly stimulates excessive thyroid hormone secretion causing weight
gain
C. Secondary hypothyroidism caused by pituitary dysfunction, because low T4 would suppress TSH in this condition
D. Hashimoto thyroiditis in the hyperthyroid phase, because autoimmune thyroid disease always begins with
overproduction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Primary hypothyroidism is characterized by elevated TSH with low T4, reflecting the pituitary's compensatory response to
inadequate thyroid output. Hyperthyroidism shows suppressed TSH, secondary hypothyroidism shows low TSH, and Hashimoto
typically presents in the hypothyroid phase.
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 2026/2027 Page 2 of 28
, Q2.
A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus experiences recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia despite adjusting her
insulin dosage. Her physician suspects an additional endocrine tumor. Which hormone-secreting tumor would
most directly cause persistent low blood glucose levels?
A. Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines that primarily raise blood glucose
through glycogenolysis
B. Insulinoma of the pancreatic beta cells, which autonomously secretes excessive insulin independent of glucose
levels, driving persistent hypoglycemia
C. Glucagonoma of the pancreatic alpha cells, which increases blood glucose through hepatic gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis
D. Aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma, which increases sodium retention but does not directly alter glucose
metabolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
An insulinoma autonomously secretes insulin regardless of blood glucose, causing persistent hypoglycemia. Pheochromocytoma
and glucagonoma raise glucose, and aldosteronoma affects electrolytes rather than glucose homeostasis.
Q3.
A 55-year-old male with chronic corticosteroid use for rheumatoid arthritis develops central obesity, moon facies,
thin extremities, and purple abdominal striae. His morning cortisol level is suppressed and fails to rise after
ACTH administration. Which condition best explains this presentation?
A. Primary adrenal Cushing syndrome from an adrenal cortex adenoma, because autonomous cortisol would
suppress ACTH but the adrenals remain responsive
B. Cushing disease from an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, because elevated ACTH would cause bilateral
adrenal hyperplasia and cortisol responsivity
C. Exogenous Cushing syndrome, because chronic external glucocorticoid administration suppresses the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, causing adrenal atrophy and cortisol unresponsiveness to ACTH
D. Addison disease, because suppressed cortisol with adrenal atrophy produces similar truncal obesity and striae
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Exogenous glucocorticoids suppress the HPA axis, causing adrenal atrophy and unresponsiveness to ACTH stimulation.
Cushing disease shows elevated ACTH with adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenomas are ACTH-unresponsive but the tumor itself
secretes cortisol, and Addison disease causes weight loss rather than central obesity.
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 2026/2027 Page 3 of 28
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Portage Learning BIOD 152
A&P 2 Final Exam
Verified Questions & Answers
2026/2027 Official Exam
A+ Verified Edition: 2026/2027 Pass: 75%
COVER PAGE - 1
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 2026/2027 Page 1 of 28
, SECTIONS COVERED
Section 1: Endocrine System
Section 2: Cardiovascular System
Section 3: Lymphatic & Immune System
Section 4: Respiratory System
Section 5: Digestive System
Section 6: Urinary & Reproductive Systems
Introduction
This study pack for Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam contains verified questions and correct answers for
the 2026/2027 examination period. All questions are multiple-choice with four options (A through D). Each question
includes a rationale explaining the correct answer and why the best distractor is incorrect. The passing score for this
examination is 75%. Review each question carefully and refer to the answer key at the end of the document for
verification.
Section 1: Endocrine System
Q1.
A 42-year-old female presents with unexplained weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, and dry skin. Laboratory
tests reveal elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone and low free T4. Which endocrine disorder do these findings
most accurately describe?
A. Hypothyroidism due to primary thyroid gland failure, as elevated TSH indicates the pituitary is compensating for
insufficient thyroid hormone production
B. Hyperthyroidism, because elevated TSH directly stimulates excessive thyroid hormone secretion causing weight
gain
C. Secondary hypothyroidism caused by pituitary dysfunction, because low T4 would suppress TSH in this condition
D. Hashimoto thyroiditis in the hyperthyroid phase, because autoimmune thyroid disease always begins with
overproduction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Primary hypothyroidism is characterized by elevated TSH with low T4, reflecting the pituitary's compensatory response to
inadequate thyroid output. Hyperthyroidism shows suppressed TSH, secondary hypothyroidism shows low TSH, and Hashimoto
typically presents in the hypothyroid phase.
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 2026/2027 Page 2 of 28
, Q2.
A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus experiences recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia despite adjusting her
insulin dosage. Her physician suspects an additional endocrine tumor. Which hormone-secreting tumor would
most directly cause persistent low blood glucose levels?
A. Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines that primarily raise blood glucose
through glycogenolysis
B. Insulinoma of the pancreatic beta cells, which autonomously secretes excessive insulin independent of glucose
levels, driving persistent hypoglycemia
C. Glucagonoma of the pancreatic alpha cells, which increases blood glucose through hepatic gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis
D. Aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma, which increases sodium retention but does not directly alter glucose
metabolism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
An insulinoma autonomously secretes insulin regardless of blood glucose, causing persistent hypoglycemia. Pheochromocytoma
and glucagonoma raise glucose, and aldosteronoma affects electrolytes rather than glucose homeostasis.
Q3.
A 55-year-old male with chronic corticosteroid use for rheumatoid arthritis develops central obesity, moon facies,
thin extremities, and purple abdominal striae. His morning cortisol level is suppressed and fails to rise after
ACTH administration. Which condition best explains this presentation?
A. Primary adrenal Cushing syndrome from an adrenal cortex adenoma, because autonomous cortisol would
suppress ACTH but the adrenals remain responsive
B. Cushing disease from an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, because elevated ACTH would cause bilateral
adrenal hyperplasia and cortisol responsivity
C. Exogenous Cushing syndrome, because chronic external glucocorticoid administration suppresses the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, causing adrenal atrophy and cortisol unresponsiveness to ACTH
D. Addison disease, because suppressed cortisol with adrenal atrophy produces similar truncal obesity and striae
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Exogenous glucocorticoids suppress the HPA axis, causing adrenal atrophy and unresponsiveness to ACTH stimulation.
Cushing disease shows elevated ACTH with adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal adenomas are ACTH-unresponsive but the tumor itself
secretes cortisol, and Addison disease causes weight loss rather than central obesity.
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027 | 2026/2027 Page 3 of 28
