Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Portage Learning
BIOD 152 A&P 2
Final Exam
2026/2027 Official Exam
A+ Verified | 2026/2027 Official Exam | Passing Score: 75%
COVER PAGE - 1
, SECTIONS COVERED
Section 1: Endocrine System
Section 2: Cardiovascular System
Section 3: Lymphatic and Immune System
Section 4: Respiratory System
Section 5: Digestive System and Nutrition
Section 6: Urinary and Reproductive Systems
Section 1: Endocrine System
Q1.
A 42-year-old patient presents with weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, and dry skin. Laboratory results show elevated TSH
and low free T4. The nurse understands that the elevated TSH in this patient is a direct result of which physiological
mechanism?
A. Decreased negative feedback inhibition on the anterior pituitary from low T4 and T3 levels
B. Increased secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the posterior pituitary gland
C. Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid follicular cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D. Excessive iodine intake stimulating the thyroid gland to secrete more hormone
Correct Answer: A
TSH secretion by the anterior pituitary is regulated primarily by negative feedback from circulating T4 and T3. When thyroid hormone
levels are low, the negative feedback is reduced, causing the anterior pituitary to increase TSH secretion. TRH is released from the
hypothalamus, not the posterior pituitary. While Hashimoto thyroiditis involves autoimmune destruction, the elevated TSH is the
feedback response to low hormone levels.
Q2.
A 35-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is found unconscious at home. Blood glucose is 32 mg/dL. The nurse
recognizes that glucagon would counteract this hypoglycemic episode by activating which intracellular pathway in the liver?
A. Adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
B. Phospholipase C-IP3-DAG pathway causing calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C. Tyrosine kinase pathway stimulating glucose transporter translocation to the cell membrane
D. JAK-STAT pathway increasing transcription of insulin receptor genes
Correct Answer: A
Glucagon binds to G-protein-coupled receptors on hepatocytes, activating the adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A cascade. This
stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) and gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
precursors). Insulin uses the tyrosine kinase pathway. The phospholipase C pathway is used by hormones such as angiotensin II and
oxytocin.
Q3.
A 28-year-old woman presents with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and visual field defects. MRI reveals a pituitary adenoma. The
nurse understands that the hormone most likely being secreted in excess by this tumor directly stimulates which process?
A. Milk production by alveolar cells in the mammary glands
B. Ovulation and corpus luteum formation in the ovaries
C. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion by follicular cells
D. Cortisol production by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: A
The presentation of amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and visual field defects (bitemporal hemianopia from suprasellar extension) is classic for
a prolactinoma. Prolactin directly stimulates milk production in the mammary gland alveolar cells. Hyperprolactinemia also inhibits GnRH
pulsatility, causing amenorrhea. FSH and LH stimulate ovulation, TSH stimulates the thyroid, and ACTH stimulates cortisol production.
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027... Page 2
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Portage Learning
BIOD 152 A&P 2
Final Exam
2026/2027 Official Exam
A+ Verified | 2026/2027 Official Exam | Passing Score: 75%
COVER PAGE - 1
, SECTIONS COVERED
Section 1: Endocrine System
Section 2: Cardiovascular System
Section 3: Lymphatic and Immune System
Section 4: Respiratory System
Section 5: Digestive System and Nutrition
Section 6: Urinary and Reproductive Systems
Section 1: Endocrine System
Q1.
A 42-year-old patient presents with weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, and dry skin. Laboratory results show elevated TSH
and low free T4. The nurse understands that the elevated TSH in this patient is a direct result of which physiological
mechanism?
A. Decreased negative feedback inhibition on the anterior pituitary from low T4 and T3 levels
B. Increased secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone from the posterior pituitary gland
C. Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid follicular cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D. Excessive iodine intake stimulating the thyroid gland to secrete more hormone
Correct Answer: A
TSH secretion by the anterior pituitary is regulated primarily by negative feedback from circulating T4 and T3. When thyroid hormone
levels are low, the negative feedback is reduced, causing the anterior pituitary to increase TSH secretion. TRH is released from the
hypothalamus, not the posterior pituitary. While Hashimoto thyroiditis involves autoimmune destruction, the elevated TSH is the
feedback response to low hormone levels.
Q2.
A 35-year-old patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is found unconscious at home. Blood glucose is 32 mg/dL. The nurse
recognizes that glucagon would counteract this hypoglycemic episode by activating which intracellular pathway in the liver?
A. Adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
B. Phospholipase C-IP3-DAG pathway causing calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
C. Tyrosine kinase pathway stimulating glucose transporter translocation to the cell membrane
D. JAK-STAT pathway increasing transcription of insulin receptor genes
Correct Answer: A
Glucagon binds to G-protein-coupled receptors on hepatocytes, activating the adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A cascade. This
stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) and gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate
precursors). Insulin uses the tyrosine kinase pathway. The phospholipase C pathway is used by hormones such as angiotensin II and
oxytocin.
Q3.
A 28-year-old woman presents with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and visual field defects. MRI reveals a pituitary adenoma. The
nurse understands that the hormone most likely being secreted in excess by this tumor directly stimulates which process?
A. Milk production by alveolar cells in the mammary glands
B. Ovulation and corpus luteum formation in the ovaries
C. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion by follicular cells
D. Cortisol production by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: A
The presentation of amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and visual field defects (bitemporal hemianopia from suprasellar extension) is classic for
a prolactinoma. Prolactin directly stimulates milk production in the mammary gland alveolar cells. Hyperprolactinemia also inhibits GnRH
pulsatility, causing amenorrhea. FSH and LH stimulate ovulation, TSH stimulates the thyroid, and ACTH stimulates cortisol production.
Portage Learning BIOD 152 A&P 2 Final Exam 2026/2027... Page 2
