NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
(2025/2026 Update) Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Already Graded A+
How does a hypertonic solution alter osmolality?
Increases solute concentration, causing INCREASED osmolality. Causes cells to
SHRINK.
How does a hypotonic solution alter osmolality?
Intravascular space to become more dilute, causes cells to SWELL.
Fluid volume deficit (dehydration) clinical manifestations
Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken fontanels (in
babies), decreased urine output, fatigue
Fluid volume excess (fluid retention) clinical manifestations
Edema, tight skin, puffiness of eyes, rales or wet breath sounds
Edema is an accumulation of fluid where?
Interstitial space
,Edema pathophysiology
1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased oncotic pressure
3. Increased capillary membrane permeability
4. Lymphatic channel obstruction
Edema clinical manifestations
Pitting, swelling, puffiness, limited movement in affected area
Liver disease and protein malnutrition can result in what?
Decreased oncotic pressure
Glomerular disease, trauma victims, hemorrhage, burns, and cirrhosis of the liver
can result in what?
Decreased oncotic pressure
How does edema cause increased hydrostatic pressure?
Venous obstruction --> increased hydrostatic pressure --> fluid is pushed out of the
vascular space into the interstitial space
, How does edema cause decreased oncotic pressure?
Decreased plasma protein production --> decreased oncotic pressure and osmotic
pressure --> fluid moves into the interstitium
How does edema cause increased capillary permeability?
Results from times of inflammation (trauma, crushing injuries, burns, neoplastic
diseases, allergic reactions, infections). Increased capillary permeability allows
large amounts of fluid to escape and enter the interstitial space.
How does edema cause lymphatic channel obstruction?
Lymphatic channels are blocked because of infection or tumor. Proteins and fluids
are not reabsorbed and accumulate in the interstitial space, causing lymphedema.
Hypovolemic hypernatremia
Occurs as a result of sodium and water loss.
Clinical manifestations: volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension, hypotension,
tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion
Hypervolemic hypernatremia
Uncommon, but most common cause is administration of hypertonic sodium salts.
Infants: erroneous preparation of dietary formula
Outpatient adults: ingestion of salts
(2025/2026 Update) Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Already Graded A+
How does a hypertonic solution alter osmolality?
Increases solute concentration, causing INCREASED osmolality. Causes cells to
SHRINK.
How does a hypotonic solution alter osmolality?
Intravascular space to become more dilute, causes cells to SWELL.
Fluid volume deficit (dehydration) clinical manifestations
Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken fontanels (in
babies), decreased urine output, fatigue
Fluid volume excess (fluid retention) clinical manifestations
Edema, tight skin, puffiness of eyes, rales or wet breath sounds
Edema is an accumulation of fluid where?
Interstitial space
,Edema pathophysiology
1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased oncotic pressure
3. Increased capillary membrane permeability
4. Lymphatic channel obstruction
Edema clinical manifestations
Pitting, swelling, puffiness, limited movement in affected area
Liver disease and protein malnutrition can result in what?
Decreased oncotic pressure
Glomerular disease, trauma victims, hemorrhage, burns, and cirrhosis of the liver
can result in what?
Decreased oncotic pressure
How does edema cause increased hydrostatic pressure?
Venous obstruction --> increased hydrostatic pressure --> fluid is pushed out of the
vascular space into the interstitial space
, How does edema cause decreased oncotic pressure?
Decreased plasma protein production --> decreased oncotic pressure and osmotic
pressure --> fluid moves into the interstitium
How does edema cause increased capillary permeability?
Results from times of inflammation (trauma, crushing injuries, burns, neoplastic
diseases, allergic reactions, infections). Increased capillary permeability allows
large amounts of fluid to escape and enter the interstitial space.
How does edema cause lymphatic channel obstruction?
Lymphatic channels are blocked because of infection or tumor. Proteins and fluids
are not reabsorbed and accumulate in the interstitial space, causing lymphedema.
Hypovolemic hypernatremia
Occurs as a result of sodium and water loss.
Clinical manifestations: volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension, hypotension,
tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion
Hypervolemic hypernatremia
Uncommon, but most common cause is administration of hypertonic sodium salts.
Infants: erroneous preparation of dietary formula
Outpatient adults: ingestion of salts
