PHARMACOLOGY 2 EXAM 1 | QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS AND DETAILED RATIONALES |
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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,Which description best corresponds to Stage I cancer in the B) Small, localized tumor, generally resectable
AJC staging system?
Explanation: Stage I cancer is characterized by a small, localized tumor that is usually
A) Large, diffuse tumor with lymph node involvement resectable, indicating that it has not spread significantly and remains confined to its
B) Small, localized tumor, generally resectable origin.
C) Cancer with metastasis to distal sites
D) Larger tumor, less resectable but still fairly localized
In the AJC staging system, what distinguishes Stage III cancer A) Presence of lymph node involvement
from Stage II?
Explanation: Stage III cancer involves lymph node involvement and is often larger and
A) Presence of lymph node involvement more diffuse compared to Stage II. This signifies a progression in the spread of the
B) Tumor is smaller and more localized disease.
C) Metastasis to distant organs
D) Tumor is confined to a single distal site
Which stage in the AJC system typically describes a larger B) Stage II
tumor that is less resectable but still fairly localized?
Explanation: Stage II cancer describes tumors that are larger and less resectable
A) Stage I compared to Stage I but remain fairly localized without significant lymph node
B) Stage II involvement or metastasis.
C) Stage III
D) Stage IV
Which of the following is INCORRECT about the Gomperzian A. The shape of the curve is roughly a "U"
cancer growth curve?
Explanation: It's a "S"
A. The shape of the curve is roughly a "U"
B. The tumor grows slowly when it is small because of a limited
blood supply
C. The tumor grows slowly when it is large because of a
limited blood supply
D. This curve suggests that targeting both cancer cells directly
and its blood supply might provide the best clinical outcome
,Which of the following stages of cancer in general has the A. Stage I
best prognosis?
Explanation: Higher Stage = Worse Prognosis
A. Stage I
B. Stage II
C. Stage III
D. Stage IV
Which of the following characteristics of tumor cells is most C. Hyperproliferation
commonly taken advantage of with anticancer drug therapy?
Explanation: Just from slides
A. Clonality
B. Mutations
C. Hyperproliferation
D. Metastasis
What is the primary mechanism of action for alkylating agents B) Inhibit DNA synthesis by binding to DNA
in cancer treatment?
Explanation: Alkylating agents inhibit DNA synthesis by physically binding to DNA,
A) Inhibit cell membrane formation leading to the disruption of cell growth and division. This mechanism makes them
B) Inhibit DNA synthesis by binding to DNA effective across all phases of the cell cycle.
C) Target tumor-specific antigens
D) Stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells
Which characteristic of alkylating agents makes them effective A) They specifically attack rapidly dividing cells, including tumor cells.
against cancer cells?
Explanation: Alkylating agents are not selective for cancer cells but are more effective
A) They specifically attack rapidly dividing cells, including against rapidly dividing cells, including tumor cells, as well as normal cells like hair
tumor cells. follicles, gut epithelium, and bone marrow cells.
B) They target only cancerous cells and leave normal cells
unaffected.
C) They are phase-specific, working only in the S phase of the
cell cycle.
D) They enhance DNA repair mechanisms in cancer cells.
, What was the first chemotherapeutic agent derived from B) Mustard gas
chemical warfare?
Explanation: Mustard gas, a chemical warfare agent, was the first compound discovered
A) Cyclophosphamide to have chemotherapeutic properties. It served as the basis for developing alkylating
B) Mustard gas agents in cancer treatment.
C) Cisplatin
D) Oxaliplatin
Which of the following is an example of a commonly used C) Cyclophosphamide
alkylating agent?
Explanation: Cyclophosphamide is a widely used alkylating agent in cancer therapy.
A) Methotrexate Other examples include cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin.
B) Paclitaxel
C) Cyclophosphamide
D) Doxorubicin
Why are normal hair cells, gut cells, and bone marrow cells B) These normal cells are also rapidly dividing.
also affected by alkylating agents?
Explanation: Alkylating agents target all rapidly dividing cells, which include not only
A) These agents selectively target healthy tissues. tumor cells but also normal cells in the hair follicles, gut lining, and bone marrow. This
B) These normal cells are also rapidly dividing. leads to side effects like hair loss, nausea, and bone marrow suppression.
C) These tissues have specific receptors for alkylating agents.
D) These cells are exposed to higher concentrations of the
drug.
Which of the following is a key feature of alkylating agents that C) They work in all phases of the cell cycle.
makes them useful in cancer treatment?
Explanation: Alkylating agents are not phase-specific and can work in any phase of the
A) They selectively attack only tumor cells. cell cycle. This broad action makes them effective against tumors with cells in different
B) They inhibit tumor cell repair mechanisms. stages of division.
C) They work in all phases of the cell cycle.
D) They work exclusively during the S phase of the cell cycle.
What type of cells are most susceptible to the effects of B) Cells with high mitotic rates (rapidly dividing cells)
alkylating agents?
Explanation: Alkylating agents target rapidly dividing cells, which includes both cancer
A) Cells with a low rate of division cells and normal cells that undergo frequent division, such as hair, gut, and bone marrow
B) Cells with high mitotic rates cells.
C) Only cancer cells
D) Cells that are in the G0 phase
ANSWERS AND DETAILED RATIONALES |
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep
,Which description best corresponds to Stage I cancer in the B) Small, localized tumor, generally resectable
AJC staging system?
Explanation: Stage I cancer is characterized by a small, localized tumor that is usually
A) Large, diffuse tumor with lymph node involvement resectable, indicating that it has not spread significantly and remains confined to its
B) Small, localized tumor, generally resectable origin.
C) Cancer with metastasis to distal sites
D) Larger tumor, less resectable but still fairly localized
In the AJC staging system, what distinguishes Stage III cancer A) Presence of lymph node involvement
from Stage II?
Explanation: Stage III cancer involves lymph node involvement and is often larger and
A) Presence of lymph node involvement more diffuse compared to Stage II. This signifies a progression in the spread of the
B) Tumor is smaller and more localized disease.
C) Metastasis to distant organs
D) Tumor is confined to a single distal site
Which stage in the AJC system typically describes a larger B) Stage II
tumor that is less resectable but still fairly localized?
Explanation: Stage II cancer describes tumors that are larger and less resectable
A) Stage I compared to Stage I but remain fairly localized without significant lymph node
B) Stage II involvement or metastasis.
C) Stage III
D) Stage IV
Which of the following is INCORRECT about the Gomperzian A. The shape of the curve is roughly a "U"
cancer growth curve?
Explanation: It's a "S"
A. The shape of the curve is roughly a "U"
B. The tumor grows slowly when it is small because of a limited
blood supply
C. The tumor grows slowly when it is large because of a
limited blood supply
D. This curve suggests that targeting both cancer cells directly
and its blood supply might provide the best clinical outcome
,Which of the following stages of cancer in general has the A. Stage I
best prognosis?
Explanation: Higher Stage = Worse Prognosis
A. Stage I
B. Stage II
C. Stage III
D. Stage IV
Which of the following characteristics of tumor cells is most C. Hyperproliferation
commonly taken advantage of with anticancer drug therapy?
Explanation: Just from slides
A. Clonality
B. Mutations
C. Hyperproliferation
D. Metastasis
What is the primary mechanism of action for alkylating agents B) Inhibit DNA synthesis by binding to DNA
in cancer treatment?
Explanation: Alkylating agents inhibit DNA synthesis by physically binding to DNA,
A) Inhibit cell membrane formation leading to the disruption of cell growth and division. This mechanism makes them
B) Inhibit DNA synthesis by binding to DNA effective across all phases of the cell cycle.
C) Target tumor-specific antigens
D) Stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells
Which characteristic of alkylating agents makes them effective A) They specifically attack rapidly dividing cells, including tumor cells.
against cancer cells?
Explanation: Alkylating agents are not selective for cancer cells but are more effective
A) They specifically attack rapidly dividing cells, including against rapidly dividing cells, including tumor cells, as well as normal cells like hair
tumor cells. follicles, gut epithelium, and bone marrow cells.
B) They target only cancerous cells and leave normal cells
unaffected.
C) They are phase-specific, working only in the S phase of the
cell cycle.
D) They enhance DNA repair mechanisms in cancer cells.
, What was the first chemotherapeutic agent derived from B) Mustard gas
chemical warfare?
Explanation: Mustard gas, a chemical warfare agent, was the first compound discovered
A) Cyclophosphamide to have chemotherapeutic properties. It served as the basis for developing alkylating
B) Mustard gas agents in cancer treatment.
C) Cisplatin
D) Oxaliplatin
Which of the following is an example of a commonly used C) Cyclophosphamide
alkylating agent?
Explanation: Cyclophosphamide is a widely used alkylating agent in cancer therapy.
A) Methotrexate Other examples include cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin.
B) Paclitaxel
C) Cyclophosphamide
D) Doxorubicin
Why are normal hair cells, gut cells, and bone marrow cells B) These normal cells are also rapidly dividing.
also affected by alkylating agents?
Explanation: Alkylating agents target all rapidly dividing cells, which include not only
A) These agents selectively target healthy tissues. tumor cells but also normal cells in the hair follicles, gut lining, and bone marrow. This
B) These normal cells are also rapidly dividing. leads to side effects like hair loss, nausea, and bone marrow suppression.
C) These tissues have specific receptors for alkylating agents.
D) These cells are exposed to higher concentrations of the
drug.
Which of the following is a key feature of alkylating agents that C) They work in all phases of the cell cycle.
makes them useful in cancer treatment?
Explanation: Alkylating agents are not phase-specific and can work in any phase of the
A) They selectively attack only tumor cells. cell cycle. This broad action makes them effective against tumors with cells in different
B) They inhibit tumor cell repair mechanisms. stages of division.
C) They work in all phases of the cell cycle.
D) They work exclusively during the S phase of the cell cycle.
What type of cells are most susceptible to the effects of B) Cells with high mitotic rates (rapidly dividing cells)
alkylating agents?
Explanation: Alkylating agents target rapidly dividing cells, which includes both cancer
A) Cells with a low rate of division cells and normal cells that undergo frequent division, such as hair, gut, and bone marrow
B) Cells with high mitotic rates cells.
C) Only cancer cells
D) Cells that are in the G0 phase
