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Logical reasoning - ANSWER ✔✔How the evidence helps or fails to
help a conclusion, read prompt first to identify question type.
Logical reasoning tests your understanding between any conclusions
and their supporting evidence
Methods in logical reasoning - ANSWER ✔✔1. Look for obvious
conclusion in the stimulus
2. Visually frame the relationship between any conclusions and their
supporting evidence
,Logical reasoning asks 1 or 3 things: - ANSWER ✔✔1. Examine the
implications of the data- implication family
2. Manipulate the argument- operation family
3. Analyze the argument- characterization family
Implication family - ANSWER ✔✔Requires you to look for
implications of an argument using given facts.
Question types: must be true, might be true, must be false, probably
inferred
Stimulus - ANSWER ✔✔Assume everything that is stated is true. Do
not bring in outside information and bias
Operation family - ANSWER ✔✔Flip side of implication questions.
Answer choices are taken as true and the correct answer if true will
affect the stimulus.
Question types include: strengthen/weaken, crux, necessary/sufficient
assumption, resolve, explain
Characterization family - ANSWER ✔✔Describe or characterize what
the stimulus is doing. Stimulus gives an argument. Prompt asks you to
pick an answer choice that accurately describes something about it or
mirrors us. Understanding the stimulus is vital. Find main point, describe
,how author reaches conclusion, describe what is wrong with position
presented, describe a point of disagreement between two speakers.
Flaw questions. Find the answer that identifies in the argument
Intro to reading comprehension - ANSWER ✔✔Section that has the
most questions, requires different reading skills and techniques.
2 big structural elements: point of view and the author's role
Point of view - ANSWER ✔✔1 pov: thesis passage
2 povs: antithesis passage
3 povs: synthesis passage
Author's role - ANSWER ✔✔Is the author present or absent?
Own opinion: author present
Other people or group's view: author absent
Arguments proposition - ANSWER ✔✔Unit of assertion; declarative
statement. Every logical reasoning has at least one preposition. Usually
contains an argument.
Prop being supported: conclusion
Prop providing support: premises
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, Conclusion indicators - ANSWER ✔✔This, therefore, hence, so, as a
result, consequently, it follows that, accordingly, clearly, it is clear that
Premise indicators - ANSWER ✔✔Since, because, for, after all, given
that, as, moreover, in addition
Assumptions - ANSWER ✔✔Something that must be true in order for
the conclusion to be proven by the premises
Logical validity - ANSWER ✔✔Valid- the conclusion must be true
based on the premises.
Invalid- if the truth of the premises does not guarantee the proof of the
conclusion
Majority of lsat arguments are invalid
Contain at least one assumption
Conditional statements - ANSWER ✔✔Absolute- asserts concrete
facts
Condition- hypothetical relationship, rather than a concrete facts; usually
of then statements
Valid inferences - ANSWER ✔✔1. Valid affirmation- affirming
sufficient condition than necessary condition