IB SEHS ACTUAL FINALS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SET A+
✔✔myosin - ✔✔thick filament of the sarcomere, contractile protein
✔✔sarcomere - ✔✔basic unit of a muscle
✔✔myofibril - ✔✔a tubular part of a muscle fiber
✔✔excitability - ✔✔ability of muscle to shorten
✔✔motor neuron - ✔✔neurons that release neurotransmitters into the blood and
stimulate the muscle to contract
✔✔agonist - ✔✔moving muscle, muscle that contracts
✔✔antagonist - ✔✔relaxing muscle, muscle that stretches and relaxes
✔✔synergist - ✔✔muscle that works with the agonist, performs same movement
✔✔fixator - ✔✔muscle that stabilizes the agonist
✔✔monosaccharide - ✔✔a simple sugar that is easily absorbed by the human body,
includes glucose, galactose, and fructose
✔✔disaccharide - ✔✔a simple sugar that is made up of two monosaccharides,
examples include sucrose and lactose
✔✔condensation reaction - ✔✔a reaction that creates polysaccharides/disaccharides
from the basic monosaccharide unit, forms a water molecule
✔✔oligosaccharide - ✔✔a polysaccharide with three to nine monosaccharide molecules
bound together, for example, maltodextrin
,✔✔polysaccharide - ✔✔a carbohydrate with many monosaccharides, examples include
glycogen and starch
✔✔dietary fiber - ✔✔a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide that is indigestible, found in
cellulose
✔✔function of a carbohydrate - ✔✔most widespread source of food energy, function as
metabolic fuels, energy stores
✔✔chemical composition of a glucose molecule - ✔✔C6H12O6, structurally a hexagon
✔✔macronutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water
✔✔micronutrients - ✔✔vitamins, minerals, and trace elements
✔✔glycogen - ✔✔a polysaccharide that functions as the main storage for excess
glucose
✔✔starch - ✔✔sugar storage compound in plants
✔✔cellulose - ✔✔main component of cell walls, polysaccharide, humans lack the
enzyme to digest this
✔✔saturated fatty acid - ✔✔a fatty acid that has the maximum number of hydrogen
atoms for each carbon, examples include animal fats and palm/coconut oil
✔✔unsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds, and thus
lacks some hydrogen atoms, examples include olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts,
cashew nuts, canola oil and seeds, sunflower oil and rapeseed
✔✔monounsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔fatty acid with one double bond
✔✔polyunsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔fatty acid with two or more double bonds
✔✔omega-3 fatty acids - ✔✔first double bond of this fatty acid is located between the
third and fourth carbon from the methyl end
✔✔omega-6 fatty acids - ✔✔first double bond of this fatty acid is located between the
sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end
✔✔dietary fat - ✔✔triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
✔✔structure of a triglyceride - ✔✔one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
, ✔✔essential fatty acids - ✔✔these fatty acids are not produced by the human body, and
must be supplied through the diet, found mainly in sesame seeds, corn, linseeds, and
walnuts
✔✔functions of fat - ✔✔hormone synthesis, vitamin D, cell membranes, transport of fat-
soluble vitamins, protection of vital organs, maintaining homeostasis
✔✔adipose tissue - ✔✔tissue that stores fats, protects body temperature and vital
organs
✔✔hydrogenation - ✔✔process of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats
(making them solid)
✔✔proteins - ✔✔made up of amino acids (which are made of C, H, N, O molecules as
well as side chains), linked through peptide bonds
✔✔amino acids - ✔✔made up of a base of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
atoms with side chains that indicate other atoms/structures, there are 20 required to
synthesize proteins, but 8 essential amino acids total
✔✔essential amino acids - ✔✔include isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, these amino acids can not be created
by the human body, and must be provided in the diet
✔✔functions of proteins - ✔✔structure, transport, communication, enzymes, protection,
and sometimes fuel
✔✔origins of proteins - ✔✔meat, fish, milk, dairy, eggs, cereals, pulses (beans and
nuts)
✔✔functions of water - ✔✔nutrient transport, hormones, thermoregulation, cell-cell
communication, lubrication of joints, an adult body contains 35-45 liters of this
✔✔vitamins - ✔✔organic compounds found in fruit, vegetables and some meat,
grouped into water-soluble and fat-soluble, essential
✔✔water-soluble vitamins - ✔✔vitamin C (citrus fruits), B vitamins (whole grains,
pulses)
✔✔fat-soluble vitamins - ✔✔vitamin E (whole grains, seeds, plant oils), vitamin D (fatty
fish, fish oil), vitamin A (yellow/orange/red fruits), vitamin K (leafy greens)
SET A+
✔✔myosin - ✔✔thick filament of the sarcomere, contractile protein
✔✔sarcomere - ✔✔basic unit of a muscle
✔✔myofibril - ✔✔a tubular part of a muscle fiber
✔✔excitability - ✔✔ability of muscle to shorten
✔✔motor neuron - ✔✔neurons that release neurotransmitters into the blood and
stimulate the muscle to contract
✔✔agonist - ✔✔moving muscle, muscle that contracts
✔✔antagonist - ✔✔relaxing muscle, muscle that stretches and relaxes
✔✔synergist - ✔✔muscle that works with the agonist, performs same movement
✔✔fixator - ✔✔muscle that stabilizes the agonist
✔✔monosaccharide - ✔✔a simple sugar that is easily absorbed by the human body,
includes glucose, galactose, and fructose
✔✔disaccharide - ✔✔a simple sugar that is made up of two monosaccharides,
examples include sucrose and lactose
✔✔condensation reaction - ✔✔a reaction that creates polysaccharides/disaccharides
from the basic monosaccharide unit, forms a water molecule
✔✔oligosaccharide - ✔✔a polysaccharide with three to nine monosaccharide molecules
bound together, for example, maltodextrin
,✔✔polysaccharide - ✔✔a carbohydrate with many monosaccharides, examples include
glycogen and starch
✔✔dietary fiber - ✔✔a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide that is indigestible, found in
cellulose
✔✔function of a carbohydrate - ✔✔most widespread source of food energy, function as
metabolic fuels, energy stores
✔✔chemical composition of a glucose molecule - ✔✔C6H12O6, structurally a hexagon
✔✔macronutrients - ✔✔carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water
✔✔micronutrients - ✔✔vitamins, minerals, and trace elements
✔✔glycogen - ✔✔a polysaccharide that functions as the main storage for excess
glucose
✔✔starch - ✔✔sugar storage compound in plants
✔✔cellulose - ✔✔main component of cell walls, polysaccharide, humans lack the
enzyme to digest this
✔✔saturated fatty acid - ✔✔a fatty acid that has the maximum number of hydrogen
atoms for each carbon, examples include animal fats and palm/coconut oil
✔✔unsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds, and thus
lacks some hydrogen atoms, examples include olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts,
cashew nuts, canola oil and seeds, sunflower oil and rapeseed
✔✔monounsaturated fatty acid - ✔✔fatty acid with one double bond
✔✔polyunsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔fatty acid with two or more double bonds
✔✔omega-3 fatty acids - ✔✔first double bond of this fatty acid is located between the
third and fourth carbon from the methyl end
✔✔omega-6 fatty acids - ✔✔first double bond of this fatty acid is located between the
sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end
✔✔dietary fat - ✔✔triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
✔✔structure of a triglyceride - ✔✔one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
, ✔✔essential fatty acids - ✔✔these fatty acids are not produced by the human body, and
must be supplied through the diet, found mainly in sesame seeds, corn, linseeds, and
walnuts
✔✔functions of fat - ✔✔hormone synthesis, vitamin D, cell membranes, transport of fat-
soluble vitamins, protection of vital organs, maintaining homeostasis
✔✔adipose tissue - ✔✔tissue that stores fats, protects body temperature and vital
organs
✔✔hydrogenation - ✔✔process of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats
(making them solid)
✔✔proteins - ✔✔made up of amino acids (which are made of C, H, N, O molecules as
well as side chains), linked through peptide bonds
✔✔amino acids - ✔✔made up of a base of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
atoms with side chains that indicate other atoms/structures, there are 20 required to
synthesize proteins, but 8 essential amino acids total
✔✔essential amino acids - ✔✔include isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, these amino acids can not be created
by the human body, and must be provided in the diet
✔✔functions of proteins - ✔✔structure, transport, communication, enzymes, protection,
and sometimes fuel
✔✔origins of proteins - ✔✔meat, fish, milk, dairy, eggs, cereals, pulses (beans and
nuts)
✔✔functions of water - ✔✔nutrient transport, hormones, thermoregulation, cell-cell
communication, lubrication of joints, an adult body contains 35-45 liters of this
✔✔vitamins - ✔✔organic compounds found in fruit, vegetables and some meat,
grouped into water-soluble and fat-soluble, essential
✔✔water-soluble vitamins - ✔✔vitamin C (citrus fruits), B vitamins (whole grains,
pulses)
✔✔fat-soluble vitamins - ✔✔vitamin E (whole grains, seeds, plant oils), vitamin D (fatty
fish, fish oil), vitamin A (yellow/orange/red fruits), vitamin K (leafy greens)
