NSG 120 Final Exam Questions & Answers
Rated A+
Pathogenesis - ANS-The development of the disease or the sequence of events
involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process.
Onset - ANS-sudden OR acute- An acute disease indicates a short-term illness that
develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain—for example,
acute appendicitis; onset may be insidious, best described as a gradual progression
with only vague or very mild signs.
Chronic - ANS-often a milder condition developing gradually, such as rheumatoid
arthritis, but it persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue
damage. Often a chronic disease is marked by intermittent acute episodes.
Subclinical (stage/phase) - ANS-in which pathologic changes occur but the patient
exhibits no obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacity
of some organs.
Latent stage - ANS-"silent" stage, in which no clinical signs are evident,
characterizes some diseases. In infectious diseases this stage may be referred to as
the incubation period, which is the time between exposure to the microorganism
and the onset of signs or symptoms; it may last for a day or so or may be
prolonged, perhaps for days or weeks.
Disease transmission of an insect bite - ANS-The injury occurs when the insect
either bites or stings the patient. Venom is injected into the tissue, resulting in the
body's response to a foreign protein.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Tick Bite disease transmission - ANS-The causative
agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted by the wood tick and is carried in the
feces of infected ticks. It is introduced into the bloodstream of a person during a
prolonged tick bite.
Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - ANS-Class triad: headache, fever,
maculopapular rash (bumps and petechial rash)
high fever
Malaria/Mosquito bite disease transmission - ANS-Malaria is caused by four species
of the protozoan genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted from infected human to
human by the bite of mosquito vectors or, less commonly, by blood transfusion or
IV drug use.
Disease transmission of animal/human bites - ANS-The bite occurs when the
,offending animal is agitated, frightened, threatened, or angry. Bites can be from
domestic animals, such as cats and dogs; farm animals; or wild animals, such as
skunks, bats, raccoons, and foxes. Human bites have been recorded.
The pattern of the teeth marks is helpful in determining the type of bite, human or
animal, and the type of animal that did the biting if not immediately known.
Snake bite disease transmission - ANS-Four kinds of poisonous snakes are known
to inhabit the United States: rattlesnakes, copperheads, water moccasins, and coral
snakes.
Some bites are the work of nonpoisonous snakes, but all snakebites should be
treated as poisonous by the first aid provider.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - ANS-The cardinal signs of inflammation are
redness (rubor or erythema), heat, swelling, and pain; sometimes loss of function
Diangostic blood changes that may indicate inflammation? - ANS-*Leukocytosis
(increased WBC)
*Differential count of WBC
*plasma protein (increased prothrombin and fibrinogen)
*CRP (appears with acute inflammation and necrosis)
*increased ESR
*cell enzymes present (may indicate necrosis)
Treatment of inflammation - ANS-*Drugs - Aspirin, NSAIDS, etc.
*RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)
*Compression stockings
*Moderate exercise
Opportunistic infection - ANS-Microbes that are not usually pathogenic but can
become pathogenic when transferred into another location of the body, if the
balance of the species is not maintained, or if the body's defense is impaired.
Stages of Pressure Ulcers - ANS-Stage I: Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of
a localized area usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not
have visible blanching; its color may differ from the surrounding area.
Stage II: Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a
red pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/
ruptured serum-filled blister.
Stage III: Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone,
tendon or muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the
depth of tissue loss. May include undermining and tunneling.
Stage IV: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or
eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining
, and tunneling. Deep Tissue Injury Purple or maroon localized area of discolored
intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from
pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm,
mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
Unstageable: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by
slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in
wound bed
Glaucoma signs & symptoms (narrow and open angle) - ANS-One of the major
causes of blindness.
Can occur at any age but most common in those over 60.
Narrow angle Glaucoma: occurs when the angle between the cornea and the iris in
the anterior chamber is decreased by factors such as an abnormal anterior insertion
of the iris. With aging, the lens enlarges, pushing the iris more forward and to the
side. Increase in intraocular pressureBlocks aqueous fluid.
Chronic Glaucoma (wide angle): Most common form of glaucoma in 1-2% of
population. Trabecular network becomes obstructed. Damage is irreversible and
causes blindness
Retinopathy signs & symptoms (diabetic) - ANS-Pathologic alteration of the retinal
blood vessels affecting clarity and sharpness of vision. Characterized by
microaneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, macular edema, and the
formation of abnormal new vessels (neovascularization). Occurs after DM onset.
Macular degeneration signs & symptoms - ANS-Progressive deterioration of the
macula of the retina. Early onset may include distortion of central vision. Usually
painless and does not affect peripheral vision. May eventually lose all central vision.
Otitis Media - ANS-inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity.
Exudate builds up in the ear canal and puts pressure on the tympanic membrane.
Asymptomatic but the pressure may cause pain or ear ache related to pressure.
Otitis externa - ANS-Infection of the outer ear (ear canal); "Swimmer's ear" is a
bacterial infection of the external auditory canal and pinna. Severe pain, a red,
swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritus. purulent or watery drainage
Ménière's syndrome - ANS-An inner ear or labyrinth disorder occurring in adults 30
to 50 years of age. It usually affects only one ear. Severe vertigo, tinnitus,
unilateral hearing loss.
Otosclerosis - ANS-An abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. Conductive
deafness, tinnitus, and gradual hearing loss of low and soft sounds
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane - ANS-Any type of tear or injury to the eardrum
causes a breach in the integrity of the membrane. This may be the result of
Rated A+
Pathogenesis - ANS-The development of the disease or the sequence of events
involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process.
Onset - ANS-sudden OR acute- An acute disease indicates a short-term illness that
develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain—for example,
acute appendicitis; onset may be insidious, best described as a gradual progression
with only vague or very mild signs.
Chronic - ANS-often a milder condition developing gradually, such as rheumatoid
arthritis, but it persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue
damage. Often a chronic disease is marked by intermittent acute episodes.
Subclinical (stage/phase) - ANS-in which pathologic changes occur but the patient
exhibits no obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacity
of some organs.
Latent stage - ANS-"silent" stage, in which no clinical signs are evident,
characterizes some diseases. In infectious diseases this stage may be referred to as
the incubation period, which is the time between exposure to the microorganism
and the onset of signs or symptoms; it may last for a day or so or may be
prolonged, perhaps for days or weeks.
Disease transmission of an insect bite - ANS-The injury occurs when the insect
either bites or stings the patient. Venom is injected into the tissue, resulting in the
body's response to a foreign protein.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Tick Bite disease transmission - ANS-The causative
agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted by the wood tick and is carried in the
feces of infected ticks. It is introduced into the bloodstream of a person during a
prolonged tick bite.
Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - ANS-Class triad: headache, fever,
maculopapular rash (bumps and petechial rash)
high fever
Malaria/Mosquito bite disease transmission - ANS-Malaria is caused by four species
of the protozoan genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted from infected human to
human by the bite of mosquito vectors or, less commonly, by blood transfusion or
IV drug use.
Disease transmission of animal/human bites - ANS-The bite occurs when the
,offending animal is agitated, frightened, threatened, or angry. Bites can be from
domestic animals, such as cats and dogs; farm animals; or wild animals, such as
skunks, bats, raccoons, and foxes. Human bites have been recorded.
The pattern of the teeth marks is helpful in determining the type of bite, human or
animal, and the type of animal that did the biting if not immediately known.
Snake bite disease transmission - ANS-Four kinds of poisonous snakes are known
to inhabit the United States: rattlesnakes, copperheads, water moccasins, and coral
snakes.
Some bites are the work of nonpoisonous snakes, but all snakebites should be
treated as poisonous by the first aid provider.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation - ANS-The cardinal signs of inflammation are
redness (rubor or erythema), heat, swelling, and pain; sometimes loss of function
Diangostic blood changes that may indicate inflammation? - ANS-*Leukocytosis
(increased WBC)
*Differential count of WBC
*plasma protein (increased prothrombin and fibrinogen)
*CRP (appears with acute inflammation and necrosis)
*increased ESR
*cell enzymes present (may indicate necrosis)
Treatment of inflammation - ANS-*Drugs - Aspirin, NSAIDS, etc.
*RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)
*Compression stockings
*Moderate exercise
Opportunistic infection - ANS-Microbes that are not usually pathogenic but can
become pathogenic when transferred into another location of the body, if the
balance of the species is not maintained, or if the body's defense is impaired.
Stages of Pressure Ulcers - ANS-Stage I: Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of
a localized area usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not
have visible blanching; its color may differ from the surrounding area.
Stage II: Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a
red pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/
ruptured serum-filled blister.
Stage III: Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone,
tendon or muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the
depth of tissue loss. May include undermining and tunneling.
Stage IV: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or
eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining
, and tunneling. Deep Tissue Injury Purple or maroon localized area of discolored
intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from
pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm,
mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
Unstageable: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by
slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in
wound bed
Glaucoma signs & symptoms (narrow and open angle) - ANS-One of the major
causes of blindness.
Can occur at any age but most common in those over 60.
Narrow angle Glaucoma: occurs when the angle between the cornea and the iris in
the anterior chamber is decreased by factors such as an abnormal anterior insertion
of the iris. With aging, the lens enlarges, pushing the iris more forward and to the
side. Increase in intraocular pressureBlocks aqueous fluid.
Chronic Glaucoma (wide angle): Most common form of glaucoma in 1-2% of
population. Trabecular network becomes obstructed. Damage is irreversible and
causes blindness
Retinopathy signs & symptoms (diabetic) - ANS-Pathologic alteration of the retinal
blood vessels affecting clarity and sharpness of vision. Characterized by
microaneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, macular edema, and the
formation of abnormal new vessels (neovascularization). Occurs after DM onset.
Macular degeneration signs & symptoms - ANS-Progressive deterioration of the
macula of the retina. Early onset may include distortion of central vision. Usually
painless and does not affect peripheral vision. May eventually lose all central vision.
Otitis Media - ANS-inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity.
Exudate builds up in the ear canal and puts pressure on the tympanic membrane.
Asymptomatic but the pressure may cause pain or ear ache related to pressure.
Otitis externa - ANS-Infection of the outer ear (ear canal); "Swimmer's ear" is a
bacterial infection of the external auditory canal and pinna. Severe pain, a red,
swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritus. purulent or watery drainage
Ménière's syndrome - ANS-An inner ear or labyrinth disorder occurring in adults 30
to 50 years of age. It usually affects only one ear. Severe vertigo, tinnitus,
unilateral hearing loss.
Otosclerosis - ANS-An abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. Conductive
deafness, tinnitus, and gradual hearing loss of low and soft sounds
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane - ANS-Any type of tear or injury to the eardrum
causes a breach in the integrity of the membrane. This may be the result of
