ACVPM ACTUAL FINALS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SURE A+
✔✔Tapeworm-associated colic - ✔✔Anoplocephala perfoliata scolices clustered at
cecal and ileal walls, ileocecal valve. Infectious cysticercoid carried by oribatid mites
accidentally ingested while grazing. Worms release proglottids as they mature,
releasing eggs into the intestinal lumen.
✔✔Hepatozoon sp transmission - ✔✔Ingestion of infected tick
✔✔Potomac horse fever transmission - ✔✔Neorickettsia risticii (gram-negative obligate
intracellular bacterium with trophism for monocytes). Acute enterocolitis syndrome
producing mild colic, fever, and diarrhea in horses of all ages, abortion in pregnant
mares. trematode vector, freshwater snails.
Sporadic disease in dogs/cats, cattle seem resistant. Killed Vaccines available.
✔✔Cochliomyia hominovorax - ✔✔New World screw-worm fly
✔✔Parascaris equorum - ✔✔Horse ascarids. Stout, whitish worms up to 12 inches (30
centimeters) long that primarily affect foals. In heavy infections, migrating larvae may
produce respiratory signs ("summer colds").
✔✔Tx for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis - ✔✔(Sarcocystis neurona)
Nitazoxanide and Ponazuril
✔✔Bluetongue - ✔✔Orbivirus, 24 serotypes
Transmission by Culicoides biting midges
✔✔Schmallenberg virus - ✔✔Orthobunyavirus, Simbu serogroup, discovered in Europe
2011, associated with infertility, abortion, and fetal malformation in several ruminant
species.
,✔✔Powassan virus - ✔✔Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus,
neurovirulent flavivirus consisting of two lineages causing meningoencephalitis. Only
member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup present in mainland North America.
Reported cases have increased by 671% over the last 18 years. Ixodes scapularist
transmits on the East Coast of US
✔✔Tick-borne encephalitis - ✔✔tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)of the family
Flaviviridae, Three virus sub-types described: European or Western tick-borne
encephalitis virus, Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Far eastern Tick-borne
encephalitis virus (formerly known as Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus,
RSSEV).
closely related viruses to TBEV and Far-eastern TBE include Omsk hemorrhagic fever
virus in Siberia, Kyasanur Forest disease virus in India and its close relative, Alkhurma
virus in Saudi Arabia, and Louping ill virus (United Kingdom): causes disease primarily
in sheep, reported to cause TBE-like illness in occupational exposures.
✔✔Haemaphysalis longicornis - ✔✔Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
(SFTS), Rickettsia japonica (Japanese spotted fever), possibly Borrelia, Anaplasma,
Ehrlichia
✔✔EEV - ✔✔Birds amplifying host
✔✔VEE - ✔✔Small rodents reservoir host
✔✔Vector competence (mosquito) - ✔✔Midgut infection barrier
Midgut escape barrier
Salivary gland infection barrier
Salivary gland escape barrier
✔✔Vesicular Stomatitis virus family, genus - ✔✔Family Rhabdoviridae, genus
Vesiculovirus
Vector spread by Black flies (Simulidae); Sand flies (Lutzomyia) or midges (Culicoides).
✔✔Ecosystems of the World - ✔✔forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, freshwater and
marine
✔✔Taiga Ecosystem - ✔✔Taigas are a type of forest ecosystem located in the far
northern regions of the world. Also called boreal forests, they consist mainly of
evergreen, coniferous trees, such as pine and spruce.
✔✔Stillwater Ecosystem - ✔✔Various aquatic ecosystems can be found in stagnant or
very slowly flowing waters. Lakes, ponds, bogs, freshwater and saltwater marshes,
swamps and lagoons are examples of ecosystems found in stationary or nearly-
, stationary waters. Algae, plankton, underwater and floating plants, such as lily pads,
may inhabit the calm waters.
✔✔River and Stream Ecosystems - ✔✔- Defined by current, water is moving
- Land-water Interchange is very important for nutrients and oxygen
Consisting of flowing freshwater, river and stream ecosystems support a variety of
underwater life. Their relatively fast-moving waters boast a higher oxygen content than
that of stationary waters, allowing greater biodiversity among plant and animal species.
✔✔Littoral Zone - ✔✔The littoral zone or nearshore is the part of a sea, lake, or river
that is close to the shore. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the
high water mark, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently
submerged. The littoral zone always includes this intertidal zone, and the terms are
often used interchangeably. However, the meaning of littoral zone can extend well
beyond the intertidal zone.
A shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures
plants
Littoral zones are essentially coastlines, the often shallow parts of the ocean nearest the
shore. The waters in littoral zones experience a significant amount of turbulence, due to
wave action. Seaweed, barnacles, mollusks and crabs may be found in littoral zones.
✔✔Karenia brevis - ✔✔"red tide" in FL, produces brevetoxins which can aerosolize.
*Neurotoxic* Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)
✔✔Pyrodinium bahamense - ✔✔Algae that produces saxitoxin, causes *Paralytic*
Shellfish Poisoning. Puffer fish can accumulate. Ban on harvesting of these fish in
Indian River Lagoon. Pyrodinium is bioluminescent.
✔✔Ciguatera fish poisoning - ✔✔Gambierdiscus toxicus. Barracuda fish highest
incidence, Hispanics in FL. Hot/cold reversal sensation. Do not recommend eat
Barracuda, but other species can also accumulate Ciguatoxin. Grouper, sniper,
amberjack, large fish that like to congregate during coral reefs.
Recovery usually 1 month, but can be longer or recurrent.
To detect ciguatera in fish: FDA lab in dolphin island Alabama is only lab that can do
analysis. FLDOH sends samples to them for confirmation of possible cases.
✔✔Cyanobacteria - ✔✔Fresh water bacteria: Microcystis, Anabaena,
Cylindrospermopsis, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon. Some bacterial organisms have
toxin producing gene, others not. Can also turn on/off ability to make toxin.
SURE A+
✔✔Tapeworm-associated colic - ✔✔Anoplocephala perfoliata scolices clustered at
cecal and ileal walls, ileocecal valve. Infectious cysticercoid carried by oribatid mites
accidentally ingested while grazing. Worms release proglottids as they mature,
releasing eggs into the intestinal lumen.
✔✔Hepatozoon sp transmission - ✔✔Ingestion of infected tick
✔✔Potomac horse fever transmission - ✔✔Neorickettsia risticii (gram-negative obligate
intracellular bacterium with trophism for monocytes). Acute enterocolitis syndrome
producing mild colic, fever, and diarrhea in horses of all ages, abortion in pregnant
mares. trematode vector, freshwater snails.
Sporadic disease in dogs/cats, cattle seem resistant. Killed Vaccines available.
✔✔Cochliomyia hominovorax - ✔✔New World screw-worm fly
✔✔Parascaris equorum - ✔✔Horse ascarids. Stout, whitish worms up to 12 inches (30
centimeters) long that primarily affect foals. In heavy infections, migrating larvae may
produce respiratory signs ("summer colds").
✔✔Tx for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis - ✔✔(Sarcocystis neurona)
Nitazoxanide and Ponazuril
✔✔Bluetongue - ✔✔Orbivirus, 24 serotypes
Transmission by Culicoides biting midges
✔✔Schmallenberg virus - ✔✔Orthobunyavirus, Simbu serogroup, discovered in Europe
2011, associated with infertility, abortion, and fetal malformation in several ruminant
species.
,✔✔Powassan virus - ✔✔Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus,
neurovirulent flavivirus consisting of two lineages causing meningoencephalitis. Only
member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup present in mainland North America.
Reported cases have increased by 671% over the last 18 years. Ixodes scapularist
transmits on the East Coast of US
✔✔Tick-borne encephalitis - ✔✔tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)of the family
Flaviviridae, Three virus sub-types described: European or Western tick-borne
encephalitis virus, Siberian tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Far eastern Tick-borne
encephalitis virus (formerly known as Russian Spring Summer encephalitis virus,
RSSEV).
closely related viruses to TBEV and Far-eastern TBE include Omsk hemorrhagic fever
virus in Siberia, Kyasanur Forest disease virus in India and its close relative, Alkhurma
virus in Saudi Arabia, and Louping ill virus (United Kingdom): causes disease primarily
in sheep, reported to cause TBE-like illness in occupational exposures.
✔✔Haemaphysalis longicornis - ✔✔Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
(SFTS), Rickettsia japonica (Japanese spotted fever), possibly Borrelia, Anaplasma,
Ehrlichia
✔✔EEV - ✔✔Birds amplifying host
✔✔VEE - ✔✔Small rodents reservoir host
✔✔Vector competence (mosquito) - ✔✔Midgut infection barrier
Midgut escape barrier
Salivary gland infection barrier
Salivary gland escape barrier
✔✔Vesicular Stomatitis virus family, genus - ✔✔Family Rhabdoviridae, genus
Vesiculovirus
Vector spread by Black flies (Simulidae); Sand flies (Lutzomyia) or midges (Culicoides).
✔✔Ecosystems of the World - ✔✔forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, freshwater and
marine
✔✔Taiga Ecosystem - ✔✔Taigas are a type of forest ecosystem located in the far
northern regions of the world. Also called boreal forests, they consist mainly of
evergreen, coniferous trees, such as pine and spruce.
✔✔Stillwater Ecosystem - ✔✔Various aquatic ecosystems can be found in stagnant or
very slowly flowing waters. Lakes, ponds, bogs, freshwater and saltwater marshes,
swamps and lagoons are examples of ecosystems found in stationary or nearly-
, stationary waters. Algae, plankton, underwater and floating plants, such as lily pads,
may inhabit the calm waters.
✔✔River and Stream Ecosystems - ✔✔- Defined by current, water is moving
- Land-water Interchange is very important for nutrients and oxygen
Consisting of flowing freshwater, river and stream ecosystems support a variety of
underwater life. Their relatively fast-moving waters boast a higher oxygen content than
that of stationary waters, allowing greater biodiversity among plant and animal species.
✔✔Littoral Zone - ✔✔The littoral zone or nearshore is the part of a sea, lake, or river
that is close to the shore. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the
high water mark, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently
submerged. The littoral zone always includes this intertidal zone, and the terms are
often used interchangeably. However, the meaning of littoral zone can extend well
beyond the intertidal zone.
A shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures
plants
Littoral zones are essentially coastlines, the often shallow parts of the ocean nearest the
shore. The waters in littoral zones experience a significant amount of turbulence, due to
wave action. Seaweed, barnacles, mollusks and crabs may be found in littoral zones.
✔✔Karenia brevis - ✔✔"red tide" in FL, produces brevetoxins which can aerosolize.
*Neurotoxic* Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)
✔✔Pyrodinium bahamense - ✔✔Algae that produces saxitoxin, causes *Paralytic*
Shellfish Poisoning. Puffer fish can accumulate. Ban on harvesting of these fish in
Indian River Lagoon. Pyrodinium is bioluminescent.
✔✔Ciguatera fish poisoning - ✔✔Gambierdiscus toxicus. Barracuda fish highest
incidence, Hispanics in FL. Hot/cold reversal sensation. Do not recommend eat
Barracuda, but other species can also accumulate Ciguatoxin. Grouper, sniper,
amberjack, large fish that like to congregate during coral reefs.
Recovery usually 1 month, but can be longer or recurrent.
To detect ciguatera in fish: FDA lab in dolphin island Alabama is only lab that can do
analysis. FLDOH sends samples to them for confirmation of possible cases.
✔✔Cyanobacteria - ✔✔Fresh water bacteria: Microcystis, Anabaena,
Cylindrospermopsis, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon. Some bacterial organisms have
toxin producing gene, others not. Can also turn on/off ability to make toxin.
