ACVPM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Ascaris suum - ✔✔Pig roundworm, "milk spots" under liver capsule
✔✔Bunostomum spp. - ✔✔Adult Bunostomum trigonocephalum (small ruminant
hookworm) are found in the jejunum. The life cycle and clinical findings are essentially
the same as for the cattle hookworm (Bunostomum phlebotomum), with as few as 100
worms causing clinical signs.
✔✔Coccidia, poultry - ✔✔Most species Eimeria. Clopidol and quinolone (decoquinate,
methylbenzoquate) are coccidiostat used in daily feed for prevention.
✔✔Histomonas meleagridis - ✔✔The protozoan Histomonas meleagridis infects a wide
range of gallinaceous birds and causes histomoniasis (blackhead disease). Chickens
are typically asymptomatic carriers, but mortality in turkeys is commonly 80%-100%.
Clinical signs include drooping head and wings, prolonged standing, closed eyes, ruffled
feathers, emaciation, and sulfur-colored droppings. Diagnosis is based on
pathognomonic ulceration of the ceca and necrotic lesions in the liver. There are no
approved treatments or vaccines.
✔✔Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. - ✔✔Meningeal worm or brainworm: a neurotropic
nematode parasite common to white-tailed deer. Ingestion of L3-infected snails or slugs.
✔✔Treatment of cattle cocciodiosis - ✔✔Amprolium
✔✔Toxocara/Toxascaris transmission - ✔✔Transplacental (dogs), transmammary
(mostly cats), ingestion of infective eggs in environment
✔✔Taenia transmission, cats - ✔✔Ingestion of infected rodent
✔✔Tapeworm-associated colic - ✔✔occurs when a large number of Anoplocephala
perfoliata scolices attach to the cecal and ileal walls. Free-living and commonly
occurring oribatid mites carry the infective stage of the parasite, the cysticercoid, which
, is accidentally ingested while grazing, digested in the intestinal tract of the horse and
forms a scolex. The scolices attach to the cecal wall and tend to cluster around the
ileocecal valve. In cases of large burdens, worms can be found in the ileum as well. As
the worms mature, they form proglottids (tapeworm segments), which are released into
the intestinal content as they mature and fill with eggs. The proglottids subsequently
disintegrate, releasing the eggs into the intestinal lumen.
✔✔Hepatozoon sp transmission - ✔✔Ingestion of infected tick
✔✔Potomac horse fever transmission - ✔✔The causative agent is Neorickettsia risticii,
causes acute enterocolitis syndrome producing mild colic, fever, and diarrhea in horses
of all ages, as well as abortion in pregnant mares. trematode vector. N risticii identified
in freshwater snails, One route of exposure may be inadvertent ingestion of hatched
aquatic insects that carry N risticii in the metacercarial stage of a trematode.
Sporadic disease in dogs/cats, cattle seem resistant.
✔✔Neorickettsia risticii - ✔✔a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium with a
trophism for monocytes.
✔✔Cochliomyia hominovorax - ✔✔New World screw-worm fly, a species of parasitic fly
known for the way its larvae (maggots) eat the living tissue of warm-blooded animals. It
is present in the New World tropics.
✔✔Parascaris equorum - ✔✔Horse ascarids are stout, whitish worms up to 12 inches
(30 centimeters) long that primarily affect foals. Foals get the worms by ingesting eggs,
which can remain viable for years in contaminated soil. The main sources of infection
are pastures, paddocks, or stalls contaminated with eggs from foals of the previous
year.
In heavy infections, migrating larvae may produce respiratory signs ("summer colds").
Infected foals can show poor condition, lack of energy, or colic. Intestinal obstruction
and perforation have also been reported.
✔✔appropriate pharmacotherapy for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis -
✔✔Nitazoxanide and Ponazuril
✔✔Bluetongue - ✔✔Orbivirus, 24 serotypes
Transmission by Culicoides biting midges
Historically, bluetongue occurred from approximately latitude 35°S to 40°N, except in
the western USA, where it occurs to 45°N.
Evidence that before 2007, reproductive losses were caused by attenuated bluetongue
vaccine viruses, either by vaccination of pregnant animals or by spread of vaccine virus
in nature by Culicoides spp. Now, modified-live and inactivated vaccines are available,
but their availability and use varies between countries.
✔✔Ascaris suum - ✔✔Pig roundworm, "milk spots" under liver capsule
✔✔Bunostomum spp. - ✔✔Adult Bunostomum trigonocephalum (small ruminant
hookworm) are found in the jejunum. The life cycle and clinical findings are essentially
the same as for the cattle hookworm (Bunostomum phlebotomum), with as few as 100
worms causing clinical signs.
✔✔Coccidia, poultry - ✔✔Most species Eimeria. Clopidol and quinolone (decoquinate,
methylbenzoquate) are coccidiostat used in daily feed for prevention.
✔✔Histomonas meleagridis - ✔✔The protozoan Histomonas meleagridis infects a wide
range of gallinaceous birds and causes histomoniasis (blackhead disease). Chickens
are typically asymptomatic carriers, but mortality in turkeys is commonly 80%-100%.
Clinical signs include drooping head and wings, prolonged standing, closed eyes, ruffled
feathers, emaciation, and sulfur-colored droppings. Diagnosis is based on
pathognomonic ulceration of the ceca and necrotic lesions in the liver. There are no
approved treatments or vaccines.
✔✔Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. - ✔✔Meningeal worm or brainworm: a neurotropic
nematode parasite common to white-tailed deer. Ingestion of L3-infected snails or slugs.
✔✔Treatment of cattle cocciodiosis - ✔✔Amprolium
✔✔Toxocara/Toxascaris transmission - ✔✔Transplacental (dogs), transmammary
(mostly cats), ingestion of infective eggs in environment
✔✔Taenia transmission, cats - ✔✔Ingestion of infected rodent
✔✔Tapeworm-associated colic - ✔✔occurs when a large number of Anoplocephala
perfoliata scolices attach to the cecal and ileal walls. Free-living and commonly
occurring oribatid mites carry the infective stage of the parasite, the cysticercoid, which
, is accidentally ingested while grazing, digested in the intestinal tract of the horse and
forms a scolex. The scolices attach to the cecal wall and tend to cluster around the
ileocecal valve. In cases of large burdens, worms can be found in the ileum as well. As
the worms mature, they form proglottids (tapeworm segments), which are released into
the intestinal content as they mature and fill with eggs. The proglottids subsequently
disintegrate, releasing the eggs into the intestinal lumen.
✔✔Hepatozoon sp transmission - ✔✔Ingestion of infected tick
✔✔Potomac horse fever transmission - ✔✔The causative agent is Neorickettsia risticii,
causes acute enterocolitis syndrome producing mild colic, fever, and diarrhea in horses
of all ages, as well as abortion in pregnant mares. trematode vector. N risticii identified
in freshwater snails, One route of exposure may be inadvertent ingestion of hatched
aquatic insects that carry N risticii in the metacercarial stage of a trematode.
Sporadic disease in dogs/cats, cattle seem resistant.
✔✔Neorickettsia risticii - ✔✔a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium with a
trophism for monocytes.
✔✔Cochliomyia hominovorax - ✔✔New World screw-worm fly, a species of parasitic fly
known for the way its larvae (maggots) eat the living tissue of warm-blooded animals. It
is present in the New World tropics.
✔✔Parascaris equorum - ✔✔Horse ascarids are stout, whitish worms up to 12 inches
(30 centimeters) long that primarily affect foals. Foals get the worms by ingesting eggs,
which can remain viable for years in contaminated soil. The main sources of infection
are pastures, paddocks, or stalls contaminated with eggs from foals of the previous
year.
In heavy infections, migrating larvae may produce respiratory signs ("summer colds").
Infected foals can show poor condition, lack of energy, or colic. Intestinal obstruction
and perforation have also been reported.
✔✔appropriate pharmacotherapy for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis -
✔✔Nitazoxanide and Ponazuril
✔✔Bluetongue - ✔✔Orbivirus, 24 serotypes
Transmission by Culicoides biting midges
Historically, bluetongue occurred from approximately latitude 35°S to 40°N, except in
the western USA, where it occurs to 45°N.
Evidence that before 2007, reproductive losses were caused by attenuated bluetongue
vaccine viruses, either by vaccination of pregnant animals or by spread of vaccine virus
in nature by Culicoides spp. Now, modified-live and inactivated vaccines are available,
but their availability and use varies between countries.
