1
, IBEC FINAL EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE NEWEST 2025
TEST BANK| COMPLETE 650 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY
GRADED A+| IBEC FINAL EXAM REVIEW 2025 (BRAND
NEW!!)
1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for long-term energy
balance and acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite?
a) Ghrelin
b) Leptin
c) Insulin
d) Peptide YY
Correct Answer: b) Leptin
Rationale: Leptin is secreted by adipocytes proportional to fat
mass; it signals energy sufficiency to the hypothalamus, reducing
food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Ghrelin (a)
stimulates appetite. Insulin (c) has short-term effects. PYY (d)
promotes satiety postprandially.
2. In obesity, elevated free fatty acids lead to insulin resistance
primarily by:
a) Increasing GLUT4 translocation
b) Activating PKC and inflammatory pathways
c) Enhancing hepatic glycogen storage
d) Stimulating beta-cell proliferation
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,Correct Answer: b) Activating PKC and inflammatory pathways
Rationale: Free fatty acids activate protein kinase C (PKC) and
IKK-beta/NF-kB pathways, impairing insulin signaling. GLUT4
translocation is reduced, not increased (a). Glycogen storage
decreases (c). Beta-cell compensation occurs later (d).
3. Which adipokine is predominantly pro-inflammatory and
elevated in visceral obesity?
a) Adiponectin
b) Omentin
c) Interleukin-10
d) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Correct Answer: d) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Rationale: TNF-α is secreted by macrophages in adipose tissue,
promoting inflammation. Adiponectin (a) and omentin (b) are
anti-inflammatory and decreased in obesity. IL-10 (c) is anti-
inflammatory.
4. The "thrifty gene hypothesis" proposes that obesity results
from:
a) A single dominant mutation
b) Genetic selection for efficient energy storage during feast-
famine cycles
c) Epigenetic silencing of orexigenic peptides
d) Viral infections targeting the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: b) Genetic selection for efficient energy
storage during feast-famine cycles
Rationale: The hypothesis suggests genes that favored fat
storage during food scarcity are now maladaptive in
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, environments of caloric abundance. Not a single mutation (a);
epigenetics (c) and viruses (d) are separate theories.
5. Which brain region integrates hormonal and nutrient signals to
regulate energy homeostasis?
a) Amygdala
b) Hippocampus
c) Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
d) Prefrontal cortex
Correct Answer: c) Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
Rationale: The arcuate nucleus contains POMC (anorexigenic) and
AgRP/NPY (orexigenic) neurons, sensing leptin, ghrelin, insulin,
and nutrients. Other areas have roles in reward or memory.
6. In obesity, the gut microbiome typically shows increased:
a) Bacteroidetes
b) Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio
c) Akkermansia muciniphila
d) Lactobacillus plantarum
Correct Answer: b) Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio
Rationale: A higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is associated
with increased energy harvest from diet. Bacteroidetes (a) are
reduced. Akkermansia (c) and Lactobacillus (d) are often
reduced in obesity.
7. Which of the following best describes the "set point theory" of
body weight?
a) Weight is determined solely by willpower
b) The body defends a specific fat mass range via homeostatic
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, IBEC FINAL EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE NEWEST 2025
TEST BANK| COMPLETE 650 REAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS/ ALREADY
GRADED A+| IBEC FINAL EXAM REVIEW 2025 (BRAND
NEW!!)
1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for long-term energy
balance and acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite?
a) Ghrelin
b) Leptin
c) Insulin
d) Peptide YY
Correct Answer: b) Leptin
Rationale: Leptin is secreted by adipocytes proportional to fat
mass; it signals energy sufficiency to the hypothalamus, reducing
food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Ghrelin (a)
stimulates appetite. Insulin (c) has short-term effects. PYY (d)
promotes satiety postprandially.
2. In obesity, elevated free fatty acids lead to insulin resistance
primarily by:
a) Increasing GLUT4 translocation
b) Activating PKC and inflammatory pathways
c) Enhancing hepatic glycogen storage
d) Stimulating beta-cell proliferation
2
,Correct Answer: b) Activating PKC and inflammatory pathways
Rationale: Free fatty acids activate protein kinase C (PKC) and
IKK-beta/NF-kB pathways, impairing insulin signaling. GLUT4
translocation is reduced, not increased (a). Glycogen storage
decreases (c). Beta-cell compensation occurs later (d).
3. Which adipokine is predominantly pro-inflammatory and
elevated in visceral obesity?
a) Adiponectin
b) Omentin
c) Interleukin-10
d) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Correct Answer: d) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Rationale: TNF-α is secreted by macrophages in adipose tissue,
promoting inflammation. Adiponectin (a) and omentin (b) are
anti-inflammatory and decreased in obesity. IL-10 (c) is anti-
inflammatory.
4. The "thrifty gene hypothesis" proposes that obesity results
from:
a) A single dominant mutation
b) Genetic selection for efficient energy storage during feast-
famine cycles
c) Epigenetic silencing of orexigenic peptides
d) Viral infections targeting the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: b) Genetic selection for efficient energy
storage during feast-famine cycles
Rationale: The hypothesis suggests genes that favored fat
storage during food scarcity are now maladaptive in
3
, environments of caloric abundance. Not a single mutation (a);
epigenetics (c) and viruses (d) are separate theories.
5. Which brain region integrates hormonal and nutrient signals to
regulate energy homeostasis?
a) Amygdala
b) Hippocampus
c) Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
d) Prefrontal cortex
Correct Answer: c) Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
Rationale: The arcuate nucleus contains POMC (anorexigenic) and
AgRP/NPY (orexigenic) neurons, sensing leptin, ghrelin, insulin,
and nutrients. Other areas have roles in reward or memory.
6. In obesity, the gut microbiome typically shows increased:
a) Bacteroidetes
b) Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio
c) Akkermansia muciniphila
d) Lactobacillus plantarum
Correct Answer: b) Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio
Rationale: A higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is associated
with increased energy harvest from diet. Bacteroidetes (a) are
reduced. Akkermansia (c) and Lactobacillus (d) are often
reduced in obesity.
7. Which of the following best describes the "set point theory" of
body weight?
a) Weight is determined solely by willpower
b) The body defends a specific fat mass range via homeostatic
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