D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREP QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED STUDY
RESOURCE
●● Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
Answer: Oncotic Pressure
●● What is the difference between adult and child immunity?
Answer: Naive T Cells
●● Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________,
which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Answer: Osmoreceptors
●● What are the causes of dehydration?
Answer: #Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
●● What s/sx are associated with dehydration?
Answer: #Dry mucous membranes
,#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
●● A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated
CO2 level and pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does
she have?
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same
direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high
because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high
pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2.
●● Normal CO2 level
Answer: 35-45
●● Normal pH level
Answer: 7.35-7.45
,●● Normal HCO3 level
Answer: 22-26
●● Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does
pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it
from the bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+
makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it
into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to
get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
Answer: His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
removing it from the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
, His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to
get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
●● A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure
and fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's
chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin
Answer: BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
●● Normal sodium level
Answer: 135-145
●● Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx?
Answer: Na < 135
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM PREP QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED STUDY
RESOURCE
●● Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
Answer: Oncotic Pressure
●● What is the difference between adult and child immunity?
Answer: Naive T Cells
●● Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________,
which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Answer: Osmoreceptors
●● What are the causes of dehydration?
Answer: #Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
●● What s/sx are associated with dehydration?
Answer: #Dry mucous membranes
,#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
●● A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated
CO2 level and pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does
she have?
Answer: Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same
direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high
because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high
pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2.
●● Normal CO2 level
Answer: 35-45
●● Normal pH level
Answer: 7.35-7.45
,●● Normal HCO3 level
Answer: 22-26
●● Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does
pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it
from the bloodstream.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+
makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it
into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to
get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
Answer: His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty
removing it from the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
, His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to
get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
●● A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure
and fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's
chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin
Answer: BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
●● Normal sodium level
Answer: 135-145
●● Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx?
Answer: Na < 135
