NATS 1670 - PART 2 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2026 | 027
Complete the central dogma: DNA --> RNA --> __________ --> phenotypes - Answers -
proteins
Molecule: two or more _______ held together by chemical bonds - Answers - atoms
What are nucleotides made of? - Answers - sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Nucleotides join to produce nucleic acids through the formation of what kind of bond? -
Answers - phosphodiester linkage/bond
Between which groups on two sugars do phosphodiester linkages form? - Answers -
phosphate group on 5' carbon of one sugar and -OH (hydroxyl) group on 3' carbon of
another sugar
What are the complementary base pairs that occur through hydrogen bonding in DNA? -
Answers - A (adenine) bonds with T (thymine), G (guanine) bonds with C (cytosine)
What does Chargaff state about complementary base pair ratios? - Answers - in double
stranded DNA, number of A=T, and number of G=C
DNA structure is in the form of a ____________, with a ______________ backbone -
Answers - double helix, sugar-phosphate
The double helix model for DNA was proposed by ... - Answers - Watson and Crick, with
the help of x-ray images by Rosalind Franklin
DNA backbone is polar because ... - Answers - phosphate carries a negative charge
Two functional roles of DNA - Answers - duplication (replication and transmission during
celling division), and information (sequence of nucleotides carries info)
How is information contained in sequences of DNA released and expressed? - Answers
- sequences are transcribed to into RNA and turned into proteins
Job of DNA helicase - Answers - unwinds DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between
bases
Job of DNA polymerase - Answers - adds free nucleotides to growing nucleotide strand,
forms phosphodiester bonds between complementary nucleotides
, DNA polymerase needs __________ to initiate new DNA synthesis - Answers - RNA
primer
The new DNA in replication if formed in _________________ direction - Answers -
antiparallel to template strand, so 5' -----> 3'
The leading strand is synthesized ... - Answers - continuously towards the replication
fork
The lagging strand is synthesized ... - Answers - discontinuously, in loops, away from
replication fork
What forms on the lagging strand as a result of discontinuous replication? - Answers -
Okazaki fragments
_____________ joins Okazaki fragments together to create a continuous nucleic DNA
strand. - Answers - DNA Ligase
What is added to each tube contain in the Sanger Method of Sequencing? - Answers -
some template DNA, short primer, DNA polymerase, dntps, and ONE type of didntp that
is radioactively labelled (A, T, G or C)
How does the Sanger Method of DNA Sequencing work? - Answers - 1. High
temperatures break hydrogen bonds, turning DNA into single strands.
2. Primer and polymerase bind to template strands and start replication
3. When didntp is incorporated on template strands, replication ends.
4. Each reaction goes through gel electrophoresis
5. Gel is sandwich against x-ray film, where radioactive didntp are exposed and desired
DNA sequence is obtained
How are DNA fragments read on x-ray film after the sanger method is conducted in
order to determine the desired sequence? - Answers - bottom to top
How are is PCR different from regular DNA replication? - Answers - heat for breaking of
bonds, and Taq polymerase for synthesis is used in PCR, while helicase for breaking of
bonds and DNA polymerase is used in replication.
PCR Reaction usually lasts for ________ cycles and makes approximately __________
copies of DNA - Answers - 25-30, 33 million
DNA primers in PCR are usually _______ nucleotides long - Answers - 20
DNA uses _________ sugar while RNA uses _______ sugar - Answers - deoxyribose,
ribose
RNA is mostly found in the ________ - Answers - cytoplasm
2026 | 027
Complete the central dogma: DNA --> RNA --> __________ --> phenotypes - Answers -
proteins
Molecule: two or more _______ held together by chemical bonds - Answers - atoms
What are nucleotides made of? - Answers - sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Nucleotides join to produce nucleic acids through the formation of what kind of bond? -
Answers - phosphodiester linkage/bond
Between which groups on two sugars do phosphodiester linkages form? - Answers -
phosphate group on 5' carbon of one sugar and -OH (hydroxyl) group on 3' carbon of
another sugar
What are the complementary base pairs that occur through hydrogen bonding in DNA? -
Answers - A (adenine) bonds with T (thymine), G (guanine) bonds with C (cytosine)
What does Chargaff state about complementary base pair ratios? - Answers - in double
stranded DNA, number of A=T, and number of G=C
DNA structure is in the form of a ____________, with a ______________ backbone -
Answers - double helix, sugar-phosphate
The double helix model for DNA was proposed by ... - Answers - Watson and Crick, with
the help of x-ray images by Rosalind Franklin
DNA backbone is polar because ... - Answers - phosphate carries a negative charge
Two functional roles of DNA - Answers - duplication (replication and transmission during
celling division), and information (sequence of nucleotides carries info)
How is information contained in sequences of DNA released and expressed? - Answers
- sequences are transcribed to into RNA and turned into proteins
Job of DNA helicase - Answers - unwinds DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between
bases
Job of DNA polymerase - Answers - adds free nucleotides to growing nucleotide strand,
forms phosphodiester bonds between complementary nucleotides
, DNA polymerase needs __________ to initiate new DNA synthesis - Answers - RNA
primer
The new DNA in replication if formed in _________________ direction - Answers -
antiparallel to template strand, so 5' -----> 3'
The leading strand is synthesized ... - Answers - continuously towards the replication
fork
The lagging strand is synthesized ... - Answers - discontinuously, in loops, away from
replication fork
What forms on the lagging strand as a result of discontinuous replication? - Answers -
Okazaki fragments
_____________ joins Okazaki fragments together to create a continuous nucleic DNA
strand. - Answers - DNA Ligase
What is added to each tube contain in the Sanger Method of Sequencing? - Answers -
some template DNA, short primer, DNA polymerase, dntps, and ONE type of didntp that
is radioactively labelled (A, T, G or C)
How does the Sanger Method of DNA Sequencing work? - Answers - 1. High
temperatures break hydrogen bonds, turning DNA into single strands.
2. Primer and polymerase bind to template strands and start replication
3. When didntp is incorporated on template strands, replication ends.
4. Each reaction goes through gel electrophoresis
5. Gel is sandwich against x-ray film, where radioactive didntp are exposed and desired
DNA sequence is obtained
How are DNA fragments read on x-ray film after the sanger method is conducted in
order to determine the desired sequence? - Answers - bottom to top
How are is PCR different from regular DNA replication? - Answers - heat for breaking of
bonds, and Taq polymerase for synthesis is used in PCR, while helicase for breaking of
bonds and DNA polymerase is used in replication.
PCR Reaction usually lasts for ________ cycles and makes approximately __________
copies of DNA - Answers - 25-30, 33 million
DNA primers in PCR are usually _______ nucleotides long - Answers - 20
DNA uses _________ sugar while RNA uses _______ sugar - Answers - deoxyribose,
ribose
RNA is mostly found in the ________ - Answers - cytoplasm
