NSG 552 EXAM 1 EXAMINATION TEST
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED Q
AND A 2026
◉ Pharmacodynamics
Answer: Studies how the drug acts on the body
◉ First-generation antipsychotic
Answer: - first developed in the 1950s, first available treatment for
psychosis
- aka typical antipsychotics
- increased risk for EPS, Tardive dyskinesia
- d2 blocker
- Currently 11 FDA-approved and commerically available FGAs
- Most common differences between individual FGAs are their
potency and side effects
- examples include Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Haldol
(haloperidol), Prolixin (fluphenazine), perphenazine (Trilafon
◉ Second-generation antipsychotic
,Answer: - examples include Abilify (aripiprazole), Seroquel
(quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Risperdal (risperidone), Clozaril
(clozapine)
- lower risk of EPS symptoms compared to 1st gen
- higher risk of metabolic side effects
- serotonin-dopamine receptor antagonists
- AKA atypical antipsychotics
◉ EPS
Answer: Involuntary movements that occur as a side effect to certina
medications. AKA drug induced movement disorder. May include
tardive dyskinesia, dystonic reactions, parkinsons-like symptoms,
akathesia, NMD, akinesia
- Can be acute or chronic
- related to suppression of D2 dopamine receptors in the
nigrostriatal pathway
◉ Tardive dyskinesia
Answer: - characterized by involuntary movments in the face and
body
- often induced by long-term use of anitpsychotic drugs
- can be associated with use of other medication types
(antidepressants, lithium, antihistamines)
- more common with 1st gen antipsychotics
,- movements may include: writhing, mouth puckering, tongue
rolling, lip smacking, pill rolling, tongue protrusion
◉ Upregulation
Answer: Refers to the activiation of the nervous system. Is the
process by which a cell increases its response to a subtance or signal
from outside the cell to carry out a specific response
◉ downregulation
Answer: Refers to state of calm/relation within nervous system.
Characterized by a decreased response by a cell to a molecule or
neurotransmitter.
◉ Receptor Profiles
Answer: FGA - Primarily D2 antagonism. Also antagonize M2, H1,
and a1 receptors
SGA - 5-HT2A & D2 antagonism. Rapid D2 dissociation. 5HT2A
agonism. Also antagonizes M2, H1, 5HT2C, and a1 receptors
◉ Binding
Answer: When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a receiving
cell, it causes ion channels to open or close.
◉ Affinity
, Answer: The property of a drug that describes its ability to bind to a
receptor
Constant
Unique for each drug-receptor pair as it is dependent on each of
their structures
◉ CYP450
Answer: - membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in
the detoxification of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism, and
homeostatis
-Inhibitition or induction of CYP enzymes is a major mechanism
underlying drug-drug interactions
- A CYP450 inhibitor prevents or reduces work by CYP450 enzymes
= decreased drug metabolism and increased risk for toxicity
- A CYP450 inducer increases rate of hepatic metabolism =
decreased serum concentation of other drugs metabolized by the
same hepatic isoenzyme
Grapefruit juice is an inhibtior, which can increase serum levels of
certain drugs
◉ Dopamine Pathways
Answer: - mesolimbic (positive sx)
- mesocortical (negative sx)
- nigrostriatal (EPS)
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH SOLVED Q
AND A 2026
◉ Pharmacodynamics
Answer: Studies how the drug acts on the body
◉ First-generation antipsychotic
Answer: - first developed in the 1950s, first available treatment for
psychosis
- aka typical antipsychotics
- increased risk for EPS, Tardive dyskinesia
- d2 blocker
- Currently 11 FDA-approved and commerically available FGAs
- Most common differences between individual FGAs are their
potency and side effects
- examples include Thorazine (chlorpromazine), Haldol
(haloperidol), Prolixin (fluphenazine), perphenazine (Trilafon
◉ Second-generation antipsychotic
,Answer: - examples include Abilify (aripiprazole), Seroquel
(quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Risperdal (risperidone), Clozaril
(clozapine)
- lower risk of EPS symptoms compared to 1st gen
- higher risk of metabolic side effects
- serotonin-dopamine receptor antagonists
- AKA atypical antipsychotics
◉ EPS
Answer: Involuntary movements that occur as a side effect to certina
medications. AKA drug induced movement disorder. May include
tardive dyskinesia, dystonic reactions, parkinsons-like symptoms,
akathesia, NMD, akinesia
- Can be acute or chronic
- related to suppression of D2 dopamine receptors in the
nigrostriatal pathway
◉ Tardive dyskinesia
Answer: - characterized by involuntary movments in the face and
body
- often induced by long-term use of anitpsychotic drugs
- can be associated with use of other medication types
(antidepressants, lithium, antihistamines)
- more common with 1st gen antipsychotics
,- movements may include: writhing, mouth puckering, tongue
rolling, lip smacking, pill rolling, tongue protrusion
◉ Upregulation
Answer: Refers to the activiation of the nervous system. Is the
process by which a cell increases its response to a subtance or signal
from outside the cell to carry out a specific response
◉ downregulation
Answer: Refers to state of calm/relation within nervous system.
Characterized by a decreased response by a cell to a molecule or
neurotransmitter.
◉ Receptor Profiles
Answer: FGA - Primarily D2 antagonism. Also antagonize M2, H1,
and a1 receptors
SGA - 5-HT2A & D2 antagonism. Rapid D2 dissociation. 5HT2A
agonism. Also antagonizes M2, H1, 5HT2C, and a1 receptors
◉ Binding
Answer: When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a receiving
cell, it causes ion channels to open or close.
◉ Affinity
, Answer: The property of a drug that describes its ability to bind to a
receptor
Constant
Unique for each drug-receptor pair as it is dependent on each of
their structures
◉ CYP450
Answer: - membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in
the detoxification of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism, and
homeostatis
-Inhibitition or induction of CYP enzymes is a major mechanism
underlying drug-drug interactions
- A CYP450 inhibitor prevents or reduces work by CYP450 enzymes
= decreased drug metabolism and increased risk for toxicity
- A CYP450 inducer increases rate of hepatic metabolism =
decreased serum concentation of other drugs metabolized by the
same hepatic isoenzyme
Grapefruit juice is an inhibtior, which can increase serum levels of
certain drugs
◉ Dopamine Pathways
Answer: - mesolimbic (positive sx)
- mesocortical (negative sx)
- nigrostriatal (EPS)
