NSG 318 EXAM 2 2026 MOCK PAPER
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW NOTES ANALYTICAL
SUMMARY
◉ Cholinergic agonists, muscarinic agonists,
parasympathomimetics.
Answer: Stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by
mimicking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
◉ Cholinergic antagonists, muscarinic antagonists,
parasympatholytics, anticholinergics.
Answer: Drugs that inhibit the actions of of acetylcholine by
occupying the acetylcholine receptors
◉ Muscarinic receptors.
Answer: Stimulates smooth muscle and slows the heart rate
◉ Nicotinic receptors.
Answer: Affects the skeletal muscles
◉ Direct-acting cholinergic agonists.
Answer: Act on receptors to activate a tissue response
,◉ Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists.
Answer: Inhibits the action of AChE which allows ACh to persist and
attach to the receptor
◉ Effects of cholinergic agonists.
Answer: Decreased heart rate, lowered blood pressure due to
vasodilation
Increased tone and motility of smooth muscle of stomach and
intestine
Contraction of muscle of the bladder and stimulated urination
Increased pupil constriction and increased accommodation (vision)
Increased salivation, tears, and perspiration
Increased bronchial secretions
Increased neuromuscular transmission and maintenance of muscle
strength and tone
◉ Uses of stimulants.
Answer: Attention deficit/hypersensitivity disorder in children,
narcolepsy, and reversal of respiratory distress
◉ Amphetamines and caffeine.
Answer: -Stimulate the cerebral cortex of the brain
, -Stimulate the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and inhibit
their reuptake (original nerves that produce it are unable to take it
back up so that there is more available to the other cells/nerves)
-Cause euphoria and increased alertness
-Can cause cardiovascular issues such as increased heart rate,
palpitations, dysrhythmias (norepinephrine can increase HR)
-High potential of abuse, tolerance, and dependence
-Excessive use can lead to psychosis
◉ Analeptics and caffeine.
Answer: Act on the brainstem and medulla to stimulate respiration
◉ Anorexients.
Answer: Thought to suppress appetite by stimulating the satiety
center in the hypothalamus and limbic centers of the brain
◉ Considerations for amphetamines.
Answer: -Long term use can lead to dependence or tolerance
-Recommended for short term use only (up to 12 weeks)
-Do not abruptly stop taking the drug as it will lead to withdrawal
symptoms
◉ ADHD.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW NOTES ANALYTICAL
SUMMARY
◉ Cholinergic agonists, muscarinic agonists,
parasympathomimetics.
Answer: Stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by
mimicking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
◉ Cholinergic antagonists, muscarinic antagonists,
parasympatholytics, anticholinergics.
Answer: Drugs that inhibit the actions of of acetylcholine by
occupying the acetylcholine receptors
◉ Muscarinic receptors.
Answer: Stimulates smooth muscle and slows the heart rate
◉ Nicotinic receptors.
Answer: Affects the skeletal muscles
◉ Direct-acting cholinergic agonists.
Answer: Act on receptors to activate a tissue response
,◉ Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists.
Answer: Inhibits the action of AChE which allows ACh to persist and
attach to the receptor
◉ Effects of cholinergic agonists.
Answer: Decreased heart rate, lowered blood pressure due to
vasodilation
Increased tone and motility of smooth muscle of stomach and
intestine
Contraction of muscle of the bladder and stimulated urination
Increased pupil constriction and increased accommodation (vision)
Increased salivation, tears, and perspiration
Increased bronchial secretions
Increased neuromuscular transmission and maintenance of muscle
strength and tone
◉ Uses of stimulants.
Answer: Attention deficit/hypersensitivity disorder in children,
narcolepsy, and reversal of respiratory distress
◉ Amphetamines and caffeine.
Answer: -Stimulate the cerebral cortex of the brain
, -Stimulate the release of dopamine and norepinephrine and inhibit
their reuptake (original nerves that produce it are unable to take it
back up so that there is more available to the other cells/nerves)
-Cause euphoria and increased alertness
-Can cause cardiovascular issues such as increased heart rate,
palpitations, dysrhythmias (norepinephrine can increase HR)
-High potential of abuse, tolerance, and dependence
-Excessive use can lead to psychosis
◉ Analeptics and caffeine.
Answer: Act on the brainstem and medulla to stimulate respiration
◉ Anorexients.
Answer: Thought to suppress appetite by stimulating the satiety
center in the hypothalamus and limbic centers of the brain
◉ Considerations for amphetamines.
Answer: -Long term use can lead to dependence or tolerance
-Recommended for short term use only (up to 12 weeks)
-Do not abruptly stop taking the drug as it will lead to withdrawal
symptoms
◉ ADHD.
