ITLS EXAM FINAL (ACTUAL) LATEST 2026 EXPERT CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS I [GRADED A+]
What is normal paCO2 ✔️35-45mmHg
When is intercranial pressure considered dangerous ✔️They rise in 15 mmHg and cerebral herniation may occur at pressures above 25 mmHg
How is cerebral perfusion pressure calculated ✔️Subtracting intercranial pressure from mean arterial blood pressure
What is map ✔️Mean arterial pressure
If ICP increases then what happens to cerebral perfusion pressure ✔️Cerebral perfusion pressure will decrease
Through perfusion pressure must maintain at least what ✔️60 mmHg which requires maintaining a systolic blood pressure of 110
What is cerebral herniation syndrome ✔️A critical syndrome in which swelling of the brain forces portions of the brain through the magnum
foremen causing coma, dilation of pupils, contralateral paralysis, elevated blood pressure and bradycardia
When is hyperventilation indicated ✔️Cerebral herniation syndrome
How many breaths per minute for children and infants with cerebral herniation syndrome ✔️25 for children and 30 for infants
Patients with ICP should have an end title CO2 of what ✔️30 to 35
What are normal ventilation rate for adults children and infants ✔️8 to 10,15 and 20
What is non-reflow phenomenon ✔️The inability of restoring oxygenation and blood pressure to restore perfusion to the cortex after and anoxic
episode of 4 to 6 minutes
What artery is often teared in acute epidural hematoma ✔️Middle meningeal artery
Whatis it called when a patient is conscious and coherent and then lapses into unconsciousness ✔️Lucid interval
What type of bleed is often acute subdural hematoma ✔️Venous
Where does the bleeding occur in an acute subdural hematoma ✔️Between the dura and the arachnoid
Where does the bleeding occur in an acute epidural hematoma ✔️Between the Dura and the skull
What sort of injury is often prevalent in acute subdural hematoma ✔️Injury to the underlying brain tissue
Who is at highest risk for subdural hematoma's ✔️Alcoholics and elderly patients and those taking anticoagulants
Enter through hemorrhage is often caused by what Trumatic injuries ✔️Blunt force trauma or penetrating injuries
Raccoon eyes areevidence of what ✔️Anterior basilar skull fracture
Battle signs are evidence of what ✔️Posterior Basilar skull fracture
A GCS of it or less in the TBI patient is considered evidence of what ✔️Severe brain injury
What is compartment syndrome ✔️We condition in which increased tissue pressure in a confined space causes decreased blood flow, leading to
hypoxia and possible muscle, nerves, and vessel impairment, which may be permanent if cells die
What are the five p's of compartment syndrome ✔️Pain pallor pulselessness. Paresthesia and paralysis
What is the most common type of hip dislocation ✔️Posterior hip dislocation
What type of rotation is noted with anterior hip dislocation ✔️External rotation of the affected leg
Posterior hip dislocation puts pressure on what ✔️The sciatic nerve
Anterior hip dislocation puts pressure on what ✔️Femoral artery and vein
What is normal paCO2 ✔️35-45mmHg
When is intercranial pressure considered dangerous ✔️They rise in 15 mmHg and cerebral herniation may occur at pressures above 25 mmHg
How is cerebral perfusion pressure calculated ✔️Subtracting intercranial pressure from mean arterial blood pressure
What is map ✔️Mean arterial pressure
If ICP increases then what happens to cerebral perfusion pressure ✔️Cerebral perfusion pressure will decrease
Through perfusion pressure must maintain at least what ✔️60 mmHg which requires maintaining a systolic blood pressure of 110
What is cerebral herniation syndrome ✔️A critical syndrome in which swelling of the brain forces portions of the brain through the magnum
foremen causing coma, dilation of pupils, contralateral paralysis, elevated blood pressure and bradycardia
When is hyperventilation indicated ✔️Cerebral herniation syndrome
How many breaths per minute for children and infants with cerebral herniation syndrome ✔️25 for children and 30 for infants
Patients with ICP should have an end title CO2 of what ✔️30 to 35
What are normal ventilation rate for adults children and infants ✔️8 to 10,15 and 20
What is non-reflow phenomenon ✔️The inability of restoring oxygenation and blood pressure to restore perfusion to the cortex after and anoxic
episode of 4 to 6 minutes
What artery is often teared in acute epidural hematoma ✔️Middle meningeal artery
Whatis it called when a patient is conscious and coherent and then lapses into unconsciousness ✔️Lucid interval
What type of bleed is often acute subdural hematoma ✔️Venous
Where does the bleeding occur in an acute subdural hematoma ✔️Between the dura and the arachnoid
Where does the bleeding occur in an acute epidural hematoma ✔️Between the Dura and the skull
What sort of injury is often prevalent in acute subdural hematoma ✔️Injury to the underlying brain tissue
Who is at highest risk for subdural hematoma's ✔️Alcoholics and elderly patients and those taking anticoagulants
Enter through hemorrhage is often caused by what Trumatic injuries ✔️Blunt force trauma or penetrating injuries
Raccoon eyes areevidence of what ✔️Anterior basilar skull fracture
Battle signs are evidence of what ✔️Posterior Basilar skull fracture
A GCS of it or less in the TBI patient is considered evidence of what ✔️Severe brain injury
What is compartment syndrome ✔️We condition in which increased tissue pressure in a confined space causes decreased blood flow, leading to
hypoxia and possible muscle, nerves, and vessel impairment, which may be permanent if cells die
What are the five p's of compartment syndrome ✔️Pain pallor pulselessness. Paresthesia and paralysis
What is the most common type of hip dislocation ✔️Posterior hip dislocation
What type of rotation is noted with anterior hip dislocation ✔️External rotation of the affected leg
Posterior hip dislocation puts pressure on what ✔️The sciatic nerve
Anterior hip dislocation puts pressure on what ✔️Femoral artery and vein
