HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, 99% accurate 4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard" measures P24 antigen can tes

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HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, 99% accurate 4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard" measures P24 antigen can tes

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2026/2027

Institution Advanced Pathophysiology

Course Advanced Pathophysiology

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NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 questions and answers with solutions HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, 99% accurate 4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard" measures P24 antigen can test 10 days post exposure Mast cell - ANSWER Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process. Histamine - ANSWER Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling. Cytokines - ANSWER Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed. Leukotrines - ANSWER Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and t of inhibition for singular. Prostaglandins - ANSWER Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever. Chemotactic factors - ANSWER Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of inflammation Neutrophils - ANSWER Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute inflammation Monocytes - ANSWER Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity. Releases additional cytokines IL1, I

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NURS 5315 UTA EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH SOLUTIONS

Questiony1:yHeartyFailure

Ay72-year-
oldypatientywithychronicyheartyfailureypresentsywithyworseningyshortnessyofybreath,ybilateralyankle
yedema,yandyay3-kgyweightygainyoverytheypastyweek.

Whichyassessmentyfindingymostystronglyysuggestsyfluidyvolumeyoverload?

A.yBradycardia

B.yCracklesyatytheylungybases

C.yDryymucousymembranes

D.yHyperactiveybowelysounds

yCorrectyAnswer:yB.yCracklesyatytheylungybases

yRationale:

Fluidyaccumulationyinyheartyfailureycommonlyycausesypulmonaryycongestion,yproducingybibasilary
crackles.yRapidyweightygainyandyperipheralyedemayfurtherysupportyfluidyoverload.

yQuestiony2:yDiabetes

,Aypatientywithytypey2ydiabetesyhasyanyHbA1cyofy9.4%ydespiteytakingymedicationsyasyprescribed.

Whatydoesythisyresultyindicate?

A.yExcellentylong-termyglycemicycontrol

B.yFrequentyepisodesyofyhypoglycemia

C.yPooryaverageybloodyglucoseycontrolyoveryapproximatelyytheypasty2–3ymonths

D.yAylaboratoryyerror

CorrectyAnswer:yC
y

Rationale:
y

HbA1cyreflectsyaverageybloodyglucoseyoverytheypreviousy2–
3ymonths.yAnyHbA1cyofy9.4%yindicatesyglycemicycontrolyaboveyrecommendedytargetsyforymostyad
ults.

Questiony3:yEvidence-BasedyPractice
y

Aynurseyreviewsyseveralyrandomizedycontrolledytrialsybeforeyrecommendingyaychangeyinypatientyca
re.

Whichyevidenceylevelyisygenerallyyconsideredyamongytheystrongestyforydeterminingyinterventionye
ffectiveness?

A.yExpertyopinion

B.yCaseyreport

C.yRandomizedycontrolledytrial

, D.yCross-sectionalysurvey

CorrectyAnswer:yC
y

Rationale:
y

Well-designedyrandomizedycontrolledytrialsyreduceybiasyandyareyconsideredyhigh-
levelyevidenceyforyevaluatingyinterventions.

Questiony4:ySepsis
y

Aypatientyisyadmittedywithysuspectedysepsis.

Whichyassessmentyfindingyrequiresytheymostyurgentyattention?

A.yTemperatureyofy38.5°Cy(101.3°F)

B.yHeartyrateyofy108ybeats/min

C.yBloodypressureyofy82/48ymmHg

D.yRespiratoryyrateyofy24ybreaths/min

CorrectyAnswer:yC
y

Rationale:
y

Hypotensionyinysuspectedysepsisymayyindicateysepticyshockyandyinadequateytissueyperfusion,yrequ
iringyimmediateyevaluationyandytreatment.

Questiony5:yEthics
y

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Uploaded on: August 4, 2026
Number of pages: 22
Written in: 2026/2027
Type: Exam (elaborations)
Contains: Questions & answers

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HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, 99% accurate 4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard" measures P24 antigen can tes

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