BIO 110 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY EXAM 3 REVIEW 2026/2027
CHAPTER 11 - ✔✔CHAPTER 11
Explain why DNA replication is called semiconservative. - ✔✔DNA replication produces DNA molecules
with 1 original strand and 1 newly made daughter strand
site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication; provides an opening called
the replication bubble that forms two replication forks - ✔✔Origin of replication
provided by the origin of replication; - ✔✔replication bubble
the area where two DNA strands have separated and new strands are being synthesized -
✔✔replication fork
during DNA replication, DNA strand made in the same direction that the replication fork is moving; it is
synthesized as one long continuous molecule - ✔✔leading strand
during DNA replication, a DNA strand that is made as a series of small Okazaki fragments that are
eventually connected to form a continuous strand - ✔✔lagging strand
Why is there a leading strand and a lagging strand during DNA replication? - ✔✔one template runs 3' to
5' so the daughter strand can be made 5' to 3' continuously. the other template runs 5' to 3' so the
daughter strand would have to be made 3' to 5' continuously. polymerase cannot synthesize 3' to 5'
PROTEINS AND FUNCTIONS IN ORDER - ✔✔PROTEINS AND FUNCTIONS IN ORDER
separates double-stranded DNA into single strands - ✔✔DNA helicase
binds a single-stranded DNA and prevents it from re-forming a double helix - ✔✔single- strand binding
protein
removes tightened coils ahead of the replication fork - ✔✔Topoisomerase
synthesizes short RNA primers - ✔✔DNA primase
synthesizes DNA in the leading and lagging strands, removes RNA primer, and fills in gaps - ✔✔DNA
polymerase
covalently attaches adjacent Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand - ✔✔DNA ligase
what supplies the energy for adding new nucleotides to the daughter strand? - ✔✔...
What does the telomerase do? - ✔✔attaches DNA sequence at the ends of Eukaryotic chromosomes;
prevents chromosomes from shortening; provides upstream site for the RNA primer to be made
, CHAPTER 12 - ✔✔CHAPTER 12
Explain Central Dogma Gene Expression - ✔✔in prokaryotes (bacteria) transcription (DNA is transcribed
into an RNA copy) and translation (mRNA is translated into a polypeptide at the ribosome) occur in the
cytoplasm
In eukaryotes, transcription and RNA processing occur in the nucleus whereas translation takes place in
the cytosol
How is gene expression analogous to a monarchy? - ✔✔Queen - DNA
castle - nucleus
royal messenger - mRNA
Blacksmith's shop - ribosomes
crown - proteins
Gold and jewels - amino acids
Describe the 4 parts of a gene. What is the difference between structural genes and other genes? -
✔✔regulatory sequence - site for binding of regulatory proteins. The role of regulatory proteins is to
influence the rate of transcription
promoter - signals the beginning of transcription
transcribed region - part of this region contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence
terminator - signals the end of transcription
When a structural gene is transcribed, an mRNA is made to specify the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide. Once the polypeptide is made it becomes the functional product. Other genes have a
functional product of RNA (tRNA - translate language of mRNA into amino acid & ribosomal RNA - forms
part of ribosome providing site of translation) there are more proteins in the steps of structural
what are the 3 stages of transcription? - ✔✔Initiation - recognition step
elongation - RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA after release of sigma factor, opens helix, template strands
are used for synthesis and RNA is synthesized 5' to 3'
termination - When RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, it and the RNA transcript dissociate from
the DNA
Compare prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in transcription. - ✔✔Eukaryotes have the same basic features
identical to prokaryotes except each step has more proteins
describe the 3 parts of RNA processing - ✔✔Bacterial mRNA can be translated as soon as they are
made. Eukaryotic mRNAs are made in a longer pre-mRNA form that requires processing into mature
mRNA. Introns noncoding sequences transcribed but no translated. Exons coding sequence found in
mature mRNA. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA using a splicesome composed of snRNPs (snurps)
what are the 5' cap and 3' tail on mRNA - ✔✔5' 7-methylguanosine structure hat is recognized by cap-
building proteins that are needed for the proper exit of mRNAs from nucleus
3' tail is called a poly A tail is a string of adenine nucleotides that aid in the export of mRNAs from the
nucleus; causes mRNA to be more stable and exist for longer period of time in cytosol
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY EXAM 3 REVIEW 2026/2027
CHAPTER 11 - ✔✔CHAPTER 11
Explain why DNA replication is called semiconservative. - ✔✔DNA replication produces DNA molecules
with 1 original strand and 1 newly made daughter strand
site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication; provides an opening called
the replication bubble that forms two replication forks - ✔✔Origin of replication
provided by the origin of replication; - ✔✔replication bubble
the area where two DNA strands have separated and new strands are being synthesized -
✔✔replication fork
during DNA replication, DNA strand made in the same direction that the replication fork is moving; it is
synthesized as one long continuous molecule - ✔✔leading strand
during DNA replication, a DNA strand that is made as a series of small Okazaki fragments that are
eventually connected to form a continuous strand - ✔✔lagging strand
Why is there a leading strand and a lagging strand during DNA replication? - ✔✔one template runs 3' to
5' so the daughter strand can be made 5' to 3' continuously. the other template runs 5' to 3' so the
daughter strand would have to be made 3' to 5' continuously. polymerase cannot synthesize 3' to 5'
PROTEINS AND FUNCTIONS IN ORDER - ✔✔PROTEINS AND FUNCTIONS IN ORDER
separates double-stranded DNA into single strands - ✔✔DNA helicase
binds a single-stranded DNA and prevents it from re-forming a double helix - ✔✔single- strand binding
protein
removes tightened coils ahead of the replication fork - ✔✔Topoisomerase
synthesizes short RNA primers - ✔✔DNA primase
synthesizes DNA in the leading and lagging strands, removes RNA primer, and fills in gaps - ✔✔DNA
polymerase
covalently attaches adjacent Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand - ✔✔DNA ligase
what supplies the energy for adding new nucleotides to the daughter strand? - ✔✔...
What does the telomerase do? - ✔✔attaches DNA sequence at the ends of Eukaryotic chromosomes;
prevents chromosomes from shortening; provides upstream site for the RNA primer to be made
, CHAPTER 12 - ✔✔CHAPTER 12
Explain Central Dogma Gene Expression - ✔✔in prokaryotes (bacteria) transcription (DNA is transcribed
into an RNA copy) and translation (mRNA is translated into a polypeptide at the ribosome) occur in the
cytoplasm
In eukaryotes, transcription and RNA processing occur in the nucleus whereas translation takes place in
the cytosol
How is gene expression analogous to a monarchy? - ✔✔Queen - DNA
castle - nucleus
royal messenger - mRNA
Blacksmith's shop - ribosomes
crown - proteins
Gold and jewels - amino acids
Describe the 4 parts of a gene. What is the difference between structural genes and other genes? -
✔✔regulatory sequence - site for binding of regulatory proteins. The role of regulatory proteins is to
influence the rate of transcription
promoter - signals the beginning of transcription
transcribed region - part of this region contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence
terminator - signals the end of transcription
When a structural gene is transcribed, an mRNA is made to specify the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide. Once the polypeptide is made it becomes the functional product. Other genes have a
functional product of RNA (tRNA - translate language of mRNA into amino acid & ribosomal RNA - forms
part of ribosome providing site of translation) there are more proteins in the steps of structural
what are the 3 stages of transcription? - ✔✔Initiation - recognition step
elongation - RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA after release of sigma factor, opens helix, template strands
are used for synthesis and RNA is synthesized 5' to 3'
termination - When RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, it and the RNA transcript dissociate from
the DNA
Compare prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in transcription. - ✔✔Eukaryotes have the same basic features
identical to prokaryotes except each step has more proteins
describe the 3 parts of RNA processing - ✔✔Bacterial mRNA can be translated as soon as they are
made. Eukaryotic mRNAs are made in a longer pre-mRNA form that requires processing into mature
mRNA. Introns noncoding sequences transcribed but no translated. Exons coding sequence found in
mature mRNA. Introns are removed from pre-mRNA using a splicesome composed of snRNPs (snurps)
what are the 5' cap and 3' tail on mRNA - ✔✔5' 7-methylguanosine structure hat is recognized by cap-
building proteins that are needed for the proper exit of mRNAs from nucleus
3' tail is called a poly A tail is a string of adenine nucleotides that aid in the export of mRNAs from the
nucleus; causes mRNA to be more stable and exist for longer period of time in cytosol
