BIO 110 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
Cellular Respiration - correct answer ✔✔C6H1206+6O2=6CO+6H2O
releases energy from glucose and uses that energy to make ATP
Four Stages of Cellular Respiration - correct answer ✔✔1. Glycolysis
2. Preparation Reaction
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glycolysis (Pathway #1) - correct answer ✔✔occurs in cytoplasm
10 steps in 3 Phases
Glucose and 2ATP are put in
2 pyruvate and 2 NADH and 2 ATP come out
3 Phases of Glycolysis - correct answer ✔✔1. Energy Investment: 2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6
diphosphate
2. Cleavage: 6 Carbon molecules broken into two 3-Carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
3. Energy Liberation: two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules broken down into two pyruvate
molecules, producing 2 NADH and 4 ATP.
Breakdown of Pyruvate - correct answer ✔✔Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules and water
Pyruvate is a 3 carbon molecule
Nets 2 ATP
Produces 2NADH +2H+
Preparation Reaction (Pathway #2) - correct answer ✔✔Pyruvate transported to the mitochondrial
matrix
Broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase
One molecule of CO2 removed from each pyruvate
Remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA
, 1 NADH2 is made for each pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle (Pathway #3) - correct answer ✔✔2 carbons Acetyl CoA + 4carbon OAA = 6carbon
citrate
Two CO2 are released and high-energy electron carriers are produced
OAA is reformed, producing ATP in the process and making more high-energy electron carriers
This process is repeated for the second Acetyl CoA that came from the original glucose
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Pathway #4) - correct answer ✔✔Oxidation by the Electron Transport Chain
Phosphorylation by ATP synthase
High energy electrons removed from NADH2 and FADH2 to make ATP
Electron Transport Chain & Final Electron Acceptor - correct answer ✔✔Electrons from NADH2 and FADH
are passed from one molecule to the next, through a series of redox reactions
Electrons lose energy with each step
The final electron acceptor is oxygen, which then becomes water
At the end, glucose and oxygen have been combined to produce CO2 and H2O
Phosphorylation using ATP Synthase (Chemiosmosis) - correct answer ✔✔Movement of electrons in the
electron transport chain generates H+ electrochemical gradient
As H+ flows back across the membrane, it flows through ATP synthase
The kinetic energy of this flow is used to make ATP
Fermentation - correct answer ✔✔When O2 is not available
First step is glycolysis
Then animal cells convert pyruvate to lactate
OR other organisms convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2
Fermentation regenerates NAD+ which keeps glycolysis going
Alcoholic Fermentation - correct answer ✔✔Anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown pathway that produces
ATP and ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Used in wine and breads
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
Cellular Respiration - correct answer ✔✔C6H1206+6O2=6CO+6H2O
releases energy from glucose and uses that energy to make ATP
Four Stages of Cellular Respiration - correct answer ✔✔1. Glycolysis
2. Preparation Reaction
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Glycolysis (Pathway #1) - correct answer ✔✔occurs in cytoplasm
10 steps in 3 Phases
Glucose and 2ATP are put in
2 pyruvate and 2 NADH and 2 ATP come out
3 Phases of Glycolysis - correct answer ✔✔1. Energy Investment: 2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6
diphosphate
2. Cleavage: 6 Carbon molecules broken into two 3-Carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
3. Energy Liberation: two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules broken down into two pyruvate
molecules, producing 2 NADH and 4 ATP.
Breakdown of Pyruvate - correct answer ✔✔Glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules and water
Pyruvate is a 3 carbon molecule
Nets 2 ATP
Produces 2NADH +2H+
Preparation Reaction (Pathway #2) - correct answer ✔✔Pyruvate transported to the mitochondrial
matrix
Broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase
One molecule of CO2 removed from each pyruvate
Remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA
, 1 NADH2 is made for each pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle (Pathway #3) - correct answer ✔✔2 carbons Acetyl CoA + 4carbon OAA = 6carbon
citrate
Two CO2 are released and high-energy electron carriers are produced
OAA is reformed, producing ATP in the process and making more high-energy electron carriers
This process is repeated for the second Acetyl CoA that came from the original glucose
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Pathway #4) - correct answer ✔✔Oxidation by the Electron Transport Chain
Phosphorylation by ATP synthase
High energy electrons removed from NADH2 and FADH2 to make ATP
Electron Transport Chain & Final Electron Acceptor - correct answer ✔✔Electrons from NADH2 and FADH
are passed from one molecule to the next, through a series of redox reactions
Electrons lose energy with each step
The final electron acceptor is oxygen, which then becomes water
At the end, glucose and oxygen have been combined to produce CO2 and H2O
Phosphorylation using ATP Synthase (Chemiosmosis) - correct answer ✔✔Movement of electrons in the
electron transport chain generates H+ electrochemical gradient
As H+ flows back across the membrane, it flows through ATP synthase
The kinetic energy of this flow is used to make ATP
Fermentation - correct answer ✔✔When O2 is not available
First step is glycolysis
Then animal cells convert pyruvate to lactate
OR other organisms convert pyruvate to alcohol and CO2
Fermentation regenerates NAD+ which keeps glycolysis going
Alcoholic Fermentation - correct answer ✔✔Anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown pathway that produces
ATP and ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Used in wine and breads
