,Classification of Thermodynamic Systems:-
Classical Thermodynamics: Classical thermodynamics studies heat,
work, and energy flow in systems without looking at atoms or
molecules
Statistical Thermodynamics: Statistical thermodynamics explains
thermodynamics by looking at the behavior of atoms and molecules
🔥 Thermodynamic System
The system is the part of the universe, where we are studying.
🌍 Surroundings
The surroundings are everything outside the system
🔲 Boundary
The boundary is what separates the system from its surroundings.
Classifications of Thermodynamic Systems:
1. Unary vs. Multicomponent:
1. Unary System
o A unary system contains only one substance (one chemical
component).
, o Example: Pure water, pure oxygen gas, or only iron in a
system. Aluminium can, Quartz (SiO2), Water (H2O)
2. Multicomponent System
o A multicomponent system contains two or more different
substances.
o Example: Air (mixture of gases), saltwater (salt + water), or a
metal alloy. Steel bar (containing Fe, C, Si, etc.), Water (H, O)
2. Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous:
1. Homogeneous System (single phase)
A homogeneous system has the same composition and properties
throughout. It looks like only one phase (solid, liquid, or gas).
Example: Salt dissolved in water, pure air. Ice (solid phase), Water
(liquid phase)
2. Heterogeneous System
A heterogeneous system has different parts with different
properties. You can see more than one phase.
Example: Oil and water, ice in water. Steel (containing ferrite and
cementite)
3. Closed vs. Open:
, 1. Open System
o Both mass and energy can enter or leave the system.
o Example: A boiling pot of water (water vapor and heat can
escape). A cup of tea.
2. Closed System
o Energy can enter or leave, but mass cannot.
o Example: A sealed container being heated. A piece of paper.
3. Isolated System
o Neither mass nor energy can enter or leave.
o Example: A perfectly insulated thermos (in theory).
4.Non-reacting vs. Reacting System
1. Non-reacting System
In a non-reacting system, no chemical reaction takes place
between the substances. The composition stays the same.
Example: A mixture of air and nitrogen gas. Sugar-water solution
in a glass, Piece of copper rod
2. Reacting System
In a reacting system, a chemical reaction occurs between the
substances. New products are formed, and the composition
changes.
Classical Thermodynamics: Classical thermodynamics studies heat,
work, and energy flow in systems without looking at atoms or
molecules
Statistical Thermodynamics: Statistical thermodynamics explains
thermodynamics by looking at the behavior of atoms and molecules
🔥 Thermodynamic System
The system is the part of the universe, where we are studying.
🌍 Surroundings
The surroundings are everything outside the system
🔲 Boundary
The boundary is what separates the system from its surroundings.
Classifications of Thermodynamic Systems:
1. Unary vs. Multicomponent:
1. Unary System
o A unary system contains only one substance (one chemical
component).
, o Example: Pure water, pure oxygen gas, or only iron in a
system. Aluminium can, Quartz (SiO2), Water (H2O)
2. Multicomponent System
o A multicomponent system contains two or more different
substances.
o Example: Air (mixture of gases), saltwater (salt + water), or a
metal alloy. Steel bar (containing Fe, C, Si, etc.), Water (H, O)
2. Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous:
1. Homogeneous System (single phase)
A homogeneous system has the same composition and properties
throughout. It looks like only one phase (solid, liquid, or gas).
Example: Salt dissolved in water, pure air. Ice (solid phase), Water
(liquid phase)
2. Heterogeneous System
A heterogeneous system has different parts with different
properties. You can see more than one phase.
Example: Oil and water, ice in water. Steel (containing ferrite and
cementite)
3. Closed vs. Open:
, 1. Open System
o Both mass and energy can enter or leave the system.
o Example: A boiling pot of water (water vapor and heat can
escape). A cup of tea.
2. Closed System
o Energy can enter or leave, but mass cannot.
o Example: A sealed container being heated. A piece of paper.
3. Isolated System
o Neither mass nor energy can enter or leave.
o Example: A perfectly insulated thermos (in theory).
4.Non-reacting vs. Reacting System
1. Non-reacting System
In a non-reacting system, no chemical reaction takes place
between the substances. The composition stays the same.
Example: A mixture of air and nitrogen gas. Sugar-water solution
in a glass, Piece of copper rod
2. Reacting System
In a reacting system, a chemical reaction occurs between the
substances. New products are formed, and the composition
changes.
