Tissue Mechanics Exam #2
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1. What are the structures that make thick and thin filaments-> myofibril-> muscle fiber->
up muscle from smallest to largest? muscle fascicle-> muscle
2. What are the connective tissues of epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
the muscle?
3. What is the epimysium? surrounds the entire muscle
4. What is the perimysium? surrounds the muscle fascicles, blood vessels and
nerves lie in this layer
5. What is the endomysium? surrounds the individual muscle fibers, just outside
the sarcolemma
6. What is the basal lamina? scaffolding that surrounds the muscle cell ("base-
ment membrane of the muscle")
7. What kind of cells are in the muscle? muscle cells and satellite cells
8. What are muscle cells and where are they create contractile forces, they are located on the
they located in the muscle? outer edge of the muscle
9. What are satellite cells and where they divide, one daughter cell will enter the muscle
are they located in the muscle? and the other remains on the outside, they are out-
side of the basal lamina
10. Where does energy come from for mitochondria producing ATP
muscle?
11. What is the z-line on a sarcomere? end of sarcomere
12. What is the I-band on a sarcomere? contains only thin filaments (actin)
13. What is the A-band on a sarcomere? entire length of thick filament, may overlap with the
actin
, Tissue Mechanics Exam #2
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14. What is the H-zone on a sarcomere? contains only thick filament (myosin)
15. What do thin filaments do? myosin binds to actin to generate force and shorten
the sarcomere
16. What does tropomyosin do? stabilizes the actin filament
17. What does troponin do? influences the position of tropomyosin with a bond
of Ca++
18. What does the tro- covers up the myosin binding site
ponin/tropomyosin complex do at
rest (no calcium)?
19. What does heavy chain of myosin molecular motor for muscle contraction
do?
20. What does light chain of myosin do? influences the contraction velocity of the sarcomere
21. What protein anchors the terminal dystrophin and dystrophin associated proteins
end of the muscle to the musculo-
tendinous junction?
22. What protein stabilizes the actin by nebulin
acting like a length regulator?
23. What protein connects myosin to titin
the z-lines to prevent overstretching
and to return to resting length after
stretch or contraction?
24. What is functions of non-contractile -generate passive tension when stretched
proteins? -provide internal and external support and align-
, Tissue Mechanics Exam #2
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ment of muscle fibers
-help transfer the active forces of the muscle
25. What is the physiology of a muscle -muscle is an excitable tissue
cell? -membranes of all living cells have the ability to sepa-
rate charged ions through membrane receptors and
ion channels
26. What are the three types of protein chemical dependent, voltage dependent, and potas-
channels? sium channels
27. What are the steps to a muscle con- 1) motor neuron releases neurotransmitter (Ach)
traction? 2) neurotransmitter interacts with muscle membrane
receptor
3) receptor opens sodium channel allowing Na+ to
move into cell
4) voltage channels open allowing Na+, dropping the
voltage potential and opening up the rest of the Na+
channels
5) Na+ floods the cell, changing the electrical poten-
tial and creating an action potential (depolarization)
6) depolarization spreads across muscle membrane
to t-tubules
7)when t-tubules are depolarized, they release Ca++
8) Ca++ diffuses through muscle cell membrane to
interact with troponin, causing tropomyosin on actin
to uncover the myosin binding site
9) myosin interacts with the myosin binding site and
forms a cross-bridge, pulling the actin and myosin
closer to one another
10) Shortening of the myofibrils, causing the entire
muscle to shorten
, Tissue Mechanics Exam #2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i4bh7a
28. What is summation rate coding? increase in overall force when individual twitches
overlap and come together
29. What is tetanus rate coding? increase in overall force to maximal force when twitch
force frequency is increased to an amount that maxes
out the muscles
30. What characteristics do type I mus- oxidative system (more mitochondria), smaller
cle fibers have? fibers, endurance based muscle fibers, more ATP=
able to last longer, but not able to produce as much
force
31. What characteristics do type II mus- glycolytic or phosphate creatine system, not as much
cle fibers have? mitochondria, higher level of force production
32. What does the size principal state? smaller fibers will be recruited first, then larger.
33. When you have muscle memory of the fiber types recruited can skip to get to what they
a stimulus, how is the size principal need to counteract the stimulus (can skip past type I
affected? straight to type II)
34. What characteristics do fusiform fibers are going in one direction, since they are going
muscles have? in one direction, they aren't as packed in, so they have
a greater ROM but less force production. In line with
the tendon, contracting in one direction
35. What characteristics do pennate fibers are going in multiple directions, so they pack
muscles have? in fibers, at an angle to the tendon (usually between
10-30 degrees), when that happens, more sarcom-
eres means more force, but not as much ROM (this
is because overall fibers are shorter in pennate mus-
cles, so the actin and myosin bump into one another
quicker because the sarcomeres are shorter).
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i4bh7a
1. What are the structures that make thick and thin filaments-> myofibril-> muscle fiber->
up muscle from smallest to largest? muscle fascicle-> muscle
2. What are the connective tissues of epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
the muscle?
3. What is the epimysium? surrounds the entire muscle
4. What is the perimysium? surrounds the muscle fascicles, blood vessels and
nerves lie in this layer
5. What is the endomysium? surrounds the individual muscle fibers, just outside
the sarcolemma
6. What is the basal lamina? scaffolding that surrounds the muscle cell ("base-
ment membrane of the muscle")
7. What kind of cells are in the muscle? muscle cells and satellite cells
8. What are muscle cells and where are they create contractile forces, they are located on the
they located in the muscle? outer edge of the muscle
9. What are satellite cells and where they divide, one daughter cell will enter the muscle
are they located in the muscle? and the other remains on the outside, they are out-
side of the basal lamina
10. Where does energy come from for mitochondria producing ATP
muscle?
11. What is the z-line on a sarcomere? end of sarcomere
12. What is the I-band on a sarcomere? contains only thin filaments (actin)
13. What is the A-band on a sarcomere? entire length of thick filament, may overlap with the
actin
, Tissue Mechanics Exam #2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i4bh7a
14. What is the H-zone on a sarcomere? contains only thick filament (myosin)
15. What do thin filaments do? myosin binds to actin to generate force and shorten
the sarcomere
16. What does tropomyosin do? stabilizes the actin filament
17. What does troponin do? influences the position of tropomyosin with a bond
of Ca++
18. What does the tro- covers up the myosin binding site
ponin/tropomyosin complex do at
rest (no calcium)?
19. What does heavy chain of myosin molecular motor for muscle contraction
do?
20. What does light chain of myosin do? influences the contraction velocity of the sarcomere
21. What protein anchors the terminal dystrophin and dystrophin associated proteins
end of the muscle to the musculo-
tendinous junction?
22. What protein stabilizes the actin by nebulin
acting like a length regulator?
23. What protein connects myosin to titin
the z-lines to prevent overstretching
and to return to resting length after
stretch or contraction?
24. What is functions of non-contractile -generate passive tension when stretched
proteins? -provide internal and external support and align-
, Tissue Mechanics Exam #2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i4bh7a
ment of muscle fibers
-help transfer the active forces of the muscle
25. What is the physiology of a muscle -muscle is an excitable tissue
cell? -membranes of all living cells have the ability to sepa-
rate charged ions through membrane receptors and
ion channels
26. What are the three types of protein chemical dependent, voltage dependent, and potas-
channels? sium channels
27. What are the steps to a muscle con- 1) motor neuron releases neurotransmitter (Ach)
traction? 2) neurotransmitter interacts with muscle membrane
receptor
3) receptor opens sodium channel allowing Na+ to
move into cell
4) voltage channels open allowing Na+, dropping the
voltage potential and opening up the rest of the Na+
channels
5) Na+ floods the cell, changing the electrical poten-
tial and creating an action potential (depolarization)
6) depolarization spreads across muscle membrane
to t-tubules
7)when t-tubules are depolarized, they release Ca++
8) Ca++ diffuses through muscle cell membrane to
interact with troponin, causing tropomyosin on actin
to uncover the myosin binding site
9) myosin interacts with the myosin binding site and
forms a cross-bridge, pulling the actin and myosin
closer to one another
10) Shortening of the myofibrils, causing the entire
muscle to shorten
, Tissue Mechanics Exam #2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_i4bh7a
28. What is summation rate coding? increase in overall force when individual twitches
overlap and come together
29. What is tetanus rate coding? increase in overall force to maximal force when twitch
force frequency is increased to an amount that maxes
out the muscles
30. What characteristics do type I mus- oxidative system (more mitochondria), smaller
cle fibers have? fibers, endurance based muscle fibers, more ATP=
able to last longer, but not able to produce as much
force
31. What characteristics do type II mus- glycolytic or phosphate creatine system, not as much
cle fibers have? mitochondria, higher level of force production
32. What does the size principal state? smaller fibers will be recruited first, then larger.
33. When you have muscle memory of the fiber types recruited can skip to get to what they
a stimulus, how is the size principal need to counteract the stimulus (can skip past type I
affected? straight to type II)
34. What characteristics do fusiform fibers are going in one direction, since they are going
muscles have? in one direction, they aren't as packed in, so they have
a greater ROM but less force production. In line with
the tendon, contracting in one direction
35. What characteristics do pennate fibers are going in multiple directions, so they pack
muscles have? in fibers, at an angle to the tendon (usually between
10-30 degrees), when that happens, more sarcom-
eres means more force, but not as much ROM (this
is because overall fibers are shorter in pennate mus-
cles, so the actin and myosin bump into one another
quicker because the sarcomeres are shorter).
