GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
NUR 257 Concepts of Aging & Chronic Illness
Academic Year: 2026/2027 Comprehensive Question Bank Exam 4
NCLEX-style · Gerontology Concepts
Question 1
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoarthritis?
A. Age less than 50 and normal weight
B. Obesity, family history, and repetitive joint use
C. Autoimmune disorders and systemic inflammation
D. High uric acid levels and alcohol abuse
Correct answer: B. Obesity, family history, and repetitive joint use
Rationale: Risk factors for osteoarthritis include age >50, obesity, family history, repetitive
joint use/trauma, and female gender. It is a noninflammatory degenerative joint disorder.
, Question 2
Which of the following is an external risk factor for sleep disturbances in older adults?
A. Chronic illness and pain
B. Depression and anxiety
C. Noise and institutional routines
D. Sleep-related beliefs
Correct answer: C. Noise and institutional routines
Rationale: External risk factors for sleep disturbances include noise, institutional routines,
limited exposure to sunlight, alcohol, and smoking. Internal factors include chronic illness,
depression, and pain.
Question 3
Which of the following is a treatment for osteoporosis?
A. Bisphosphonates (alendronate), PT/OT, and weight-bearing exercise
B. NSAIDs and intraarticular injections
C. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
D. Allopurinol and colchicine
Correct answer:
A. Bisphosphonates (alendronate), PT/OT, and weight-bearing exercise
Rationale: Osteoporosis treatment includes bisphosphonates (alendronate),
physical/occupational therapy, weight-bearing exercise, exposure to sunlight, and a diet rich
in calcium and vitamin D.
, Question 4
What is the diagnosis requirement for insomnia?
A. Difficulty falling asleep for at least 1 week
B. Difficulty falling asleep for at least 1 month with impairment in daytime functioning
C. Difficulty staying asleep for 2 weeks
D. Early morning awakening for 3 days
Correct answer:
B. Difficulty falling asleep for at least 1 month with impairment in daytime
functioning
Rationale: Insomnia is diagnosed when difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep occurs for
at least 1 month and results in significant daytime impairment, such as fatigue, mood
disturbance, or cognitive dysfunction.
Question 5
According to the Payne-Martin Classification System, a skin tear with complete tissue loss
where the epidermal flap is absent is classified as:
A. Category 1
B. Category 2
C. Category 3
D. Category 4
Correct answer: C. Category 3
Rationale: The Payne-Martin Classification System categorizes skin tears: Category 1 (no
tissue loss), Category 2 (partial tissue loss), and Category 3 (complete tissue loss with absent
epidermal flap).
, Question 6
Which of the following is a symptom of cataracts?
A. Cloudy or blurred vision and halos around lights
B. Loss of central vision with peripheral vision intact
C. Headache and impaired peripheral vision
D. "Curtain coming down" over vision and light flashes
Correct answer: A. Cloudy or blurred vision and halos around lights
Rationale: Cataracts cause cloudy or blurred vision, halos around lights, yellowing of vision,
and diplopia. The lens becomes opacified, scattering light and reducing visual acuity.
Question 7
Which of the following is a risk factor for actinic keratosis?
A. Young age and dark complexion
B. Older age, fair complexion, and overexposure to UV light
C. Obesity and diabetes
D. Chronic renal failure and biliary disease
Correct answer: B. Older age, fair complexion, and overexposure to UV light
Rationale: Risk factors for actinic keratosis include older age, fair complexion, and
overexposure to UV light. It appears as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed areas.
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
NUR 257 Concepts of Aging & Chronic Illness
Academic Year: 2026/2027 Comprehensive Question Bank Exam 4
NCLEX-style · Gerontology Concepts
Question 1
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoarthritis?
A. Age less than 50 and normal weight
B. Obesity, family history, and repetitive joint use
C. Autoimmune disorders and systemic inflammation
D. High uric acid levels and alcohol abuse
Correct answer: B. Obesity, family history, and repetitive joint use
Rationale: Risk factors for osteoarthritis include age >50, obesity, family history, repetitive
joint use/trauma, and female gender. It is a noninflammatory degenerative joint disorder.
, Question 2
Which of the following is an external risk factor for sleep disturbances in older adults?
A. Chronic illness and pain
B. Depression and anxiety
C. Noise and institutional routines
D. Sleep-related beliefs
Correct answer: C. Noise and institutional routines
Rationale: External risk factors for sleep disturbances include noise, institutional routines,
limited exposure to sunlight, alcohol, and smoking. Internal factors include chronic illness,
depression, and pain.
Question 3
Which of the following is a treatment for osteoporosis?
A. Bisphosphonates (alendronate), PT/OT, and weight-bearing exercise
B. NSAIDs and intraarticular injections
C. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
D. Allopurinol and colchicine
Correct answer:
A. Bisphosphonates (alendronate), PT/OT, and weight-bearing exercise
Rationale: Osteoporosis treatment includes bisphosphonates (alendronate),
physical/occupational therapy, weight-bearing exercise, exposure to sunlight, and a diet rich
in calcium and vitamin D.
, Question 4
What is the diagnosis requirement for insomnia?
A. Difficulty falling asleep for at least 1 week
B. Difficulty falling asleep for at least 1 month with impairment in daytime functioning
C. Difficulty staying asleep for 2 weeks
D. Early morning awakening for 3 days
Correct answer:
B. Difficulty falling asleep for at least 1 month with impairment in daytime
functioning
Rationale: Insomnia is diagnosed when difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep occurs for
at least 1 month and results in significant daytime impairment, such as fatigue, mood
disturbance, or cognitive dysfunction.
Question 5
According to the Payne-Martin Classification System, a skin tear with complete tissue loss
where the epidermal flap is absent is classified as:
A. Category 1
B. Category 2
C. Category 3
D. Category 4
Correct answer: C. Category 3
Rationale: The Payne-Martin Classification System categorizes skin tears: Category 1 (no
tissue loss), Category 2 (partial tissue loss), and Category 3 (complete tissue loss with absent
epidermal flap).
, Question 6
Which of the following is a symptom of cataracts?
A. Cloudy or blurred vision and halos around lights
B. Loss of central vision with peripheral vision intact
C. Headache and impaired peripheral vision
D. "Curtain coming down" over vision and light flashes
Correct answer: A. Cloudy or blurred vision and halos around lights
Rationale: Cataracts cause cloudy or blurred vision, halos around lights, yellowing of vision,
and diplopia. The lens becomes opacified, scattering light and reducing visual acuity.
Question 7
Which of the following is a risk factor for actinic keratosis?
A. Young age and dark complexion
B. Older age, fair complexion, and overexposure to UV light
C. Obesity and diabetes
D. Chronic renal failure and biliary disease
Correct answer: B. Older age, fair complexion, and overexposure to UV light
Rationale: Risk factors for actinic keratosis include older age, fair complexion, and
overexposure to UV light. It appears as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed areas.
