Portage Pathophysiology Exam 3 2026/2027 | Questions &
Correct Answers | Graded A+
1. Describe why the overlapping symptoms of autoimmune disorders
complicate their diagnosis.
Overlapping symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis and delayed
treatment.
Diagnosis is straightforward because of clear laboratory tests.
Autoimmune disorders are easily identifiable due to unique symptoms.
Symptoms are always consistent across different patients.
2. Describe how the immune system reacts to pollen in individuals with
allergies, leading to symptoms like sneezing and nasal congestion.
The immune system attacks pollen directly, causing inflammation and
swelling in the nasal passages.
The immune response to pollen is a delayed reaction that does not
involve immediate symptoms.
In individuals with allergies, exposure to pollen triggers the immune
system to produce IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells and
cause the release of histamines, leading to symptoms like sneezing
and nasal congestion.
Pollen is recognized as a pathogen, leading to the activation of T cells
and the production of antibodies that do not involve IgE.
3. Which type of immunity are B cells primarily associated with?
Adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity
Innate immunity
, Cell-mediated immunity
4. In acute inflammation, what is the process when adherent leukocytes pass
through endothelium into extravascular space
diapedesis
margination
chemotaxis
adhesion
5. All of the following are typical features of Systemic lupis erythematosus
except:
Renal damage
Skin rash
Male predilection
Joint pain
anti-nuclear antibodies
6. Immunity that is developed as immune cells learn to recognize and respond
to particular antigens and is often aptly referred to as Specific Immune
Response. Can be divided into: Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immunity
7. Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing of a classic manifestation of
acute inflammation with its corresponding cause?
Tumor - exudation of fluids and cells into the tissue interstitium
, Rubor - vasodilation
Dolor - inflammatory cells infiltrating sensory nerves
Calor - increased blood flow
8. When CD4 T helper cells are lost, what happens? Choose the best answer.
Low susceptibility for infection
Pathogens that may have previously caused disease may die off
High susceptibility for infection
Death
9. Which of the following is primarily passed from mother to baby in utero
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
10. In order to confirm or exclude HIV infection in the infant of an HIV-infected
mother, what is necessary to proceed?
Testing of anti-HIV antibodies and the HIV RNA assay, repeatedly
for 18 to 24 months to confirm the disappearance of maternal
antibodies in the child's blood
Testing of anti-HIV antibodies and the HIV RNA assay after 9-12 weeks
to confirm the disappearance of maternal antibodies in the child's
blood
HIV RNA testing right after delivery in the blood of the newborn
, Testing of HIV antibodies right after delivery in the blood of the
newborn
11. The main cells involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions are
Neutrophils and dendritic cells
Mast cells and basophils
monocytes and mast cells
T-cells and eosinophils
B-cells and monocytes
12. Where do T cells mature in the human body?
Spleen
Thymus
Liver
Bone marrow
13. Describe the role of IgG in maternal-fetal immunity.
IgG is involved in allergic reactions.
IgG is responsible for initiating the inflammatory response.
IgG is the first antibody produced in response to an infection.
IgG is the immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta to provide
passive immunity to the fetus.
14. Describe the significance of negative selection in T cell maturation.
Negative selection is crucial for preventing autoimmunity by
eliminating T cells that react strongly to self-antigens.
Correct Answers | Graded A+
1. Describe why the overlapping symptoms of autoimmune disorders
complicate their diagnosis.
Overlapping symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis and delayed
treatment.
Diagnosis is straightforward because of clear laboratory tests.
Autoimmune disorders are easily identifiable due to unique symptoms.
Symptoms are always consistent across different patients.
2. Describe how the immune system reacts to pollen in individuals with
allergies, leading to symptoms like sneezing and nasal congestion.
The immune system attacks pollen directly, causing inflammation and
swelling in the nasal passages.
The immune response to pollen is a delayed reaction that does not
involve immediate symptoms.
In individuals with allergies, exposure to pollen triggers the immune
system to produce IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells and
cause the release of histamines, leading to symptoms like sneezing
and nasal congestion.
Pollen is recognized as a pathogen, leading to the activation of T cells
and the production of antibodies that do not involve IgE.
3. Which type of immunity are B cells primarily associated with?
Adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity
Innate immunity
, Cell-mediated immunity
4. In acute inflammation, what is the process when adherent leukocytes pass
through endothelium into extravascular space
diapedesis
margination
chemotaxis
adhesion
5. All of the following are typical features of Systemic lupis erythematosus
except:
Renal damage
Skin rash
Male predilection
Joint pain
anti-nuclear antibodies
6. Immunity that is developed as immune cells learn to recognize and respond
to particular antigens and is often aptly referred to as Specific Immune
Response. Can be divided into: Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immunity
7. Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing of a classic manifestation of
acute inflammation with its corresponding cause?
Tumor - exudation of fluids and cells into the tissue interstitium
, Rubor - vasodilation
Dolor - inflammatory cells infiltrating sensory nerves
Calor - increased blood flow
8. When CD4 T helper cells are lost, what happens? Choose the best answer.
Low susceptibility for infection
Pathogens that may have previously caused disease may die off
High susceptibility for infection
Death
9. Which of the following is primarily passed from mother to baby in utero
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
10. In order to confirm or exclude HIV infection in the infant of an HIV-infected
mother, what is necessary to proceed?
Testing of anti-HIV antibodies and the HIV RNA assay, repeatedly
for 18 to 24 months to confirm the disappearance of maternal
antibodies in the child's blood
Testing of anti-HIV antibodies and the HIV RNA assay after 9-12 weeks
to confirm the disappearance of maternal antibodies in the child's
blood
HIV RNA testing right after delivery in the blood of the newborn
, Testing of HIV antibodies right after delivery in the blood of the
newborn
11. The main cells involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions are
Neutrophils and dendritic cells
Mast cells and basophils
monocytes and mast cells
T-cells and eosinophils
B-cells and monocytes
12. Where do T cells mature in the human body?
Spleen
Thymus
Liver
Bone marrow
13. Describe the role of IgG in maternal-fetal immunity.
IgG is involved in allergic reactions.
IgG is responsible for initiating the inflammatory response.
IgG is the first antibody produced in response to an infection.
IgG is the immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta to provide
passive immunity to the fetus.
14. Describe the significance of negative selection in T cell maturation.
Negative selection is crucial for preventing autoimmunity by
eliminating T cells that react strongly to self-antigens.
