Neuroscience and Pharmacology: Neurons, Drugs, and Mental Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_joc2ly
1. What is myelin and what Myelin is a protective sheath formed by glial cells around axons,
is its function? facilitating and increasing the speed of electrical impulses (action
potentials) along the axon.
2. What are the nodes of The nodes of Ranvier are small uncovered gaps in the myelin sheath
Ranvier? that allow action potentials to 'jump' during saltatory conduction.
3. What condition is caused Multiple sclerosis, which leads to severe motor dysregulation and
by the degeneration of paralysis.
myelin sheaths?
4. What does the X-axis The dose of the drug, typically measured in milligrams of drug per
represent in a dose-re- kilogram of body weight (mg/kg).
sponse curve?
5. What does the Y-axis The magnitude of the drug's effect, usually measured as a percentage
represent in a dose-re- from 0 to 100 percent.
sponse curve?
6. What is the significance ED50 is the effective dose at which 50% of the maximum effect is
of the ED50 in drug stud- observed, indicating drug potency.
ies?
7. What is the therapeutic The ratio between the toxic dose (TD50) and the effective dose
index? (ED50), used to assess drug safety.
8. What does a rightward It indicates tolerance, meaning higher doses are required to achieve
shift in a dose-response the desired effect.
curve indicate?
9. What is an action poten- A rapid electrical depolarization event that temporarily makes the
tial? internal charge of a neuron positive, allowing information to be con-
ducted down the axon.
, Neuroscience and Pharmacology: Neurons, Drugs, and Mental Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_joc2ly
10. How are neurotransmit- Through exocytosis, where synaptic vesicles fuse with the terminal
ters transported into the button's membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic
synapse? cleft.
11. What triggers the release The arrival of an action potential at the terminal button causes volt-
of neurotransmitters? age-gated calcium channels to open, allowing calcium ions to enter
and trigger exocytosis.
12. What is the role of synap- They store neurotransmitters in the terminal button before release
tic vesicles? into the synapse.
13. What is the effect of L-DOPA serves as a precursor that increases the synthesis of
L-DOPA in neurotrans- dopamine, used in treating Parkinson's disease.
mitter synthesis?
14. How do drugs interfere Certain drugs can inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into vesi-
with vesicular storage? cles, making them susceptible to breakdown.
15. What is the difference be- Agonists stimulate receptors, while antagonists block receptors from
tween agonists and an- being activated by neurotransmitters.
tagonists?
16. How do SSRIs affect neu- SSRIs block the reuptake of neurotransmitters like serotonin, increas-
rotransmitter reuptake? ing their availability in the synaptic cleft.
17. What is reuptake? The process by which neurotransmitters are drawn back into the
presynaptic neuron after being released into the synaptic cleft.
18. It takes 12 days to eliminate nearly 94% of the drug and 18 days for
nearly 99% elimination.
, Neuroscience and Pharmacology: Neurons, Drugs, and Mental Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_joc2ly
How long does it take for
a drug with a half-life of 3
days to be eliminated?
19. What is the blood-brain A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances
barrier? while allowing essential nutrients to pass through.
20. What is the primary func- To prevent pathogens, certain hormones, and potentially toxic sub-
tion of the blood-brain stances from crossing into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid.
barrier?
21. Which route of drug ad- Intravenous (IV) Injection.
ministration is classified
as the most rapid?
22. How quickly can inhaled In just seven seconds.
nicotine reach the brain?
23. What is the effect of an It produces a very rapid effect by bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
epidural on the central
nervous system?
24. What characterizes inter- They provide quicker absorption than oral administration but are not
mediate routes of drug as rapid as intravenous injections.
administration?
25. What is the speed of ab- It is slow and highly variable, generally taking 15 minutes to an hour
sorption for oral adminis- to produce effects.
tration of drugs?
26. How does a urinalysis By screening for metabolites rather than the parent drug.
(UA) detect drug use after
effects have worn off?
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_joc2ly
1. What is myelin and what Myelin is a protective sheath formed by glial cells around axons,
is its function? facilitating and increasing the speed of electrical impulses (action
potentials) along the axon.
2. What are the nodes of The nodes of Ranvier are small uncovered gaps in the myelin sheath
Ranvier? that allow action potentials to 'jump' during saltatory conduction.
3. What condition is caused Multiple sclerosis, which leads to severe motor dysregulation and
by the degeneration of paralysis.
myelin sheaths?
4. What does the X-axis The dose of the drug, typically measured in milligrams of drug per
represent in a dose-re- kilogram of body weight (mg/kg).
sponse curve?
5. What does the Y-axis The magnitude of the drug's effect, usually measured as a percentage
represent in a dose-re- from 0 to 100 percent.
sponse curve?
6. What is the significance ED50 is the effective dose at which 50% of the maximum effect is
of the ED50 in drug stud- observed, indicating drug potency.
ies?
7. What is the therapeutic The ratio between the toxic dose (TD50) and the effective dose
index? (ED50), used to assess drug safety.
8. What does a rightward It indicates tolerance, meaning higher doses are required to achieve
shift in a dose-response the desired effect.
curve indicate?
9. What is an action poten- A rapid electrical depolarization event that temporarily makes the
tial? internal charge of a neuron positive, allowing information to be con-
ducted down the axon.
, Neuroscience and Pharmacology: Neurons, Drugs, and Mental Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_joc2ly
10. How are neurotransmit- Through exocytosis, where synaptic vesicles fuse with the terminal
ters transported into the button's membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic
synapse? cleft.
11. What triggers the release The arrival of an action potential at the terminal button causes volt-
of neurotransmitters? age-gated calcium channels to open, allowing calcium ions to enter
and trigger exocytosis.
12. What is the role of synap- They store neurotransmitters in the terminal button before release
tic vesicles? into the synapse.
13. What is the effect of L-DOPA serves as a precursor that increases the synthesis of
L-DOPA in neurotrans- dopamine, used in treating Parkinson's disease.
mitter synthesis?
14. How do drugs interfere Certain drugs can inhibit the transport of neurotransmitters into vesi-
with vesicular storage? cles, making them susceptible to breakdown.
15. What is the difference be- Agonists stimulate receptors, while antagonists block receptors from
tween agonists and an- being activated by neurotransmitters.
tagonists?
16. How do SSRIs affect neu- SSRIs block the reuptake of neurotransmitters like serotonin, increas-
rotransmitter reuptake? ing their availability in the synaptic cleft.
17. What is reuptake? The process by which neurotransmitters are drawn back into the
presynaptic neuron after being released into the synaptic cleft.
18. It takes 12 days to eliminate nearly 94% of the drug and 18 days for
nearly 99% elimination.
, Neuroscience and Pharmacology: Neurons, Drugs, and Mental Disorders
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_joc2ly
How long does it take for
a drug with a half-life of 3
days to be eliminated?
19. What is the blood-brain A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances
barrier? while allowing essential nutrients to pass through.
20. What is the primary func- To prevent pathogens, certain hormones, and potentially toxic sub-
tion of the blood-brain stances from crossing into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid.
barrier?
21. Which route of drug ad- Intravenous (IV) Injection.
ministration is classified
as the most rapid?
22. How quickly can inhaled In just seven seconds.
nicotine reach the brain?
23. What is the effect of an It produces a very rapid effect by bypassing the blood-brain barrier.
epidural on the central
nervous system?
24. What characterizes inter- They provide quicker absorption than oral administration but are not
mediate routes of drug as rapid as intravenous injections.
administration?
25. What is the speed of ab- It is slow and highly variable, generally taking 15 minutes to an hour
sorption for oral adminis- to produce effects.
tration of drugs?
26. How does a urinalysis By screening for metabolites rather than the parent drug.
(UA) detect drug use after
effects have worn off?
