AP I - FINAL |THE SMART WAY TO PASS | REAL TESTS, REAL
RESULTS!
Fibrous Answer: Fibra (fiber); joint held together by dense connective tissue, usually with little
or no movement. Sutures are fibrous joints.
Gomphoses Answer: Gomphos (bolt/nail); peg-in-socket fibrous joints. A tooth in its socket is a
gomphosis.
Syndesmoses Answer: Syn (together) + desmos (band); fibrous joints held by ligaments or
membranes, such as between the tibia and fibula.
Suture Answer: Sutura (seam); immovable fibrous joint between skull bones.
Cartilaginous Answer: Cartilago (cartilage); joint where bones are connected by cartilage.
Synchondroses Answer: Syn (together) + chondros (cartilage); cartilaginous joint made of
hyaline cartilage.
Symphyses Answer: Syn (together) + physis (growth); cartilaginous joints made of
fibrocartilage, such as the pubic symphysis.
Synovial (diarthroses) Answer: Syn (together) + ovum (egg-like fluid); freely movable joints
with a joint cavity and synovial fluid.
Ball-and-socket Answer: rounded head in a cup-like socket; allows movement in many
directions. The shoulder and hip are examples.
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) Answer: Condylos (knuckle) + ellipse; oval joint that allows movement
in two planes, such as the wrist.
Gliding (plane) Answer: flat surfaces sliding; joint where bones glide past each other, such as
intercarpal joints.
Hinge Answer: door-like joint; allows flexion and extension, such as the elbow.
Pivot Answer: turning point; joint where one bone rotates around another, such as the
atlantoaxial joint.
Saddle Answer: saddle-shaped surfaces; joint allowing movement in two planes, such as the
thumb carpometacarpal joint. Movements at synovial joints: (Be able to give examples of each
movement)
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,Abduction Answer: Ab (away) + ducere (to lead); movement away from the midline, such as
lifting the arm out to the side.
Adduction Answer: Ad (toward) + ducere (to lead); movement toward the midline, such as
bringing the arm back to the body.
Circumduction Answer: Circum (around) + ducere (to lead); circular movement of a limb, such
as making arm circles.
Depression Answer: De (down) + pressare (to press); movement downward, such as lowering
the jaw.
Elevation Answer: Elevare (to lift); movement upward, such as shrugging the shoulders.
Dorsiflexion Answer: Dorsum (top of foot) + flexion; bending the foot upward toward the shin.
Plantarflexion Answer: Planta (sole) + flexion; pointing the foot downward like standing on
tiptoe.
Flexion Answer: Flectere (to bend); decreases the angle of a joint, such as bending the elbow.
Extension Answer: Extendere (to stretch out); increases the angle of a joint, such as
straightening the elbow.
Hyperextension Answer: Hyper (beyond) + extension; movement that extends a joint beyond
anatomical position.
Lateral rotation Answer: Latus (side) + rotation; turning a bone away from the midline.
Medial rotation Answer: Medius (middle) + rotation; turning a bone toward the midline.
Inversion Answer: Invertere (to turn inward); turning the sole of the foot medially.
Eversion Answer: Evertere (to turn outward); turning the sole of the foot laterally.
Opposition Answer: Opponere (to place against); movement of the thumb across the palm to
touch the fingers.
Reposition Answer: Re (back) + ponere (to place); returning the thumb to anatomical position.
Pronation Answer: Pronus (face down); rotating the forearm so the palm faces down or
posteriorly.
Supination Answer: Supinus (face up); rotating the forearm so the palm faces up or anteriorly.
Protraction Answer: Pro (forward) + trahere (to pull); movement forward, such as jutting the
jaw out.
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, Retraction Answer: Re (back) + trahere (to pull); movement backward, such as pulling the jaw
back. Synovial joints (name these joints when labeled; not all are synovial)
Acromioclavicular Answer: Acromion (shoulder tip) + clavicle; joint between the scapula and
clavicle.
Atlantoaxial Answer: Atlas (C1) + axis (C2); pivot joint that allows head rotation.
Atlanto-occipital Answer: Atlas (C1) + occipital bone; joint that allows nodding the head yes.
Carpometacarpal Answer: Carpus (wrist) + metacarpal; joints between wrist bones and hand
bones.
Glenohumeral Answer: Glenoid (socket) + humerus; shoulder joint.
Humeroulnar Answer: Humerus + ulna; elbow joint between the humerus and ulna.
Humeroradial Answer: Humerus + radius; elbow joint between the humerus and radius.
Iliofemoral Answer: Ilium + femur; hip joint connection supported by the iliofemoral ligament.
Intercarpal Answer: Inter (between) + carpus (wrist); joints between carpal bones.
Proximal interphalangeal Answer: Proximus (nearest) + between phalanges; joint between
proximal and middle phalanges.
Distal interphalangeal Answer: Distare (away) + between phalanges; joint between middle and
distal phalanges.
Intertarsal Answer: Inter (between) + tarsus (ankle); joints between tarsal bones.
Intervertebral Answer: Inter (between) + vertebra; joints between vertebrae.
Metacarpophalangeal Answer: Metacarpal + phalanx; knuckle joints between metacarpals and
fingers.
Metatarsophalangeal Answer: Metatarsal + phalanx; joints between metatarsals and toes.
Proximal radioulnar Answer: Proximus (nearest) + radius + ulna; joint near the elbow that
allows forearm rotation.
Distal radioulnar Answer: Distare (away) + radius + ulna; joint near the wrist that allows
forearm rotation.
Radiocarpal Answer: Radius + carpus (wrist); wrist joint between the radius and carpal bones.
Sacroiliac Answer: Sacrum + ilium; joint between the sacrum and hip bone.
Sternoclavicular Answer: Sternum + clavicle; joint between the breastbone and collarbone.
Talocrural Answer: Talus + crus (leg); ankle joint between the talus, tibia, and fibula.
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RESULTS!
Fibrous Answer: Fibra (fiber); joint held together by dense connective tissue, usually with little
or no movement. Sutures are fibrous joints.
Gomphoses Answer: Gomphos (bolt/nail); peg-in-socket fibrous joints. A tooth in its socket is a
gomphosis.
Syndesmoses Answer: Syn (together) + desmos (band); fibrous joints held by ligaments or
membranes, such as between the tibia and fibula.
Suture Answer: Sutura (seam); immovable fibrous joint between skull bones.
Cartilaginous Answer: Cartilago (cartilage); joint where bones are connected by cartilage.
Synchondroses Answer: Syn (together) + chondros (cartilage); cartilaginous joint made of
hyaline cartilage.
Symphyses Answer: Syn (together) + physis (growth); cartilaginous joints made of
fibrocartilage, such as the pubic symphysis.
Synovial (diarthroses) Answer: Syn (together) + ovum (egg-like fluid); freely movable joints
with a joint cavity and synovial fluid.
Ball-and-socket Answer: rounded head in a cup-like socket; allows movement in many
directions. The shoulder and hip are examples.
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) Answer: Condylos (knuckle) + ellipse; oval joint that allows movement
in two planes, such as the wrist.
Gliding (plane) Answer: flat surfaces sliding; joint where bones glide past each other, such as
intercarpal joints.
Hinge Answer: door-like joint; allows flexion and extension, such as the elbow.
Pivot Answer: turning point; joint where one bone rotates around another, such as the
atlantoaxial joint.
Saddle Answer: saddle-shaped surfaces; joint allowing movement in two planes, such as the
thumb carpometacarpal joint. Movements at synovial joints: (Be able to give examples of each
movement)
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,Abduction Answer: Ab (away) + ducere (to lead); movement away from the midline, such as
lifting the arm out to the side.
Adduction Answer: Ad (toward) + ducere (to lead); movement toward the midline, such as
bringing the arm back to the body.
Circumduction Answer: Circum (around) + ducere (to lead); circular movement of a limb, such
as making arm circles.
Depression Answer: De (down) + pressare (to press); movement downward, such as lowering
the jaw.
Elevation Answer: Elevare (to lift); movement upward, such as shrugging the shoulders.
Dorsiflexion Answer: Dorsum (top of foot) + flexion; bending the foot upward toward the shin.
Plantarflexion Answer: Planta (sole) + flexion; pointing the foot downward like standing on
tiptoe.
Flexion Answer: Flectere (to bend); decreases the angle of a joint, such as bending the elbow.
Extension Answer: Extendere (to stretch out); increases the angle of a joint, such as
straightening the elbow.
Hyperextension Answer: Hyper (beyond) + extension; movement that extends a joint beyond
anatomical position.
Lateral rotation Answer: Latus (side) + rotation; turning a bone away from the midline.
Medial rotation Answer: Medius (middle) + rotation; turning a bone toward the midline.
Inversion Answer: Invertere (to turn inward); turning the sole of the foot medially.
Eversion Answer: Evertere (to turn outward); turning the sole of the foot laterally.
Opposition Answer: Opponere (to place against); movement of the thumb across the palm to
touch the fingers.
Reposition Answer: Re (back) + ponere (to place); returning the thumb to anatomical position.
Pronation Answer: Pronus (face down); rotating the forearm so the palm faces down or
posteriorly.
Supination Answer: Supinus (face up); rotating the forearm so the palm faces up or anteriorly.
Protraction Answer: Pro (forward) + trahere (to pull); movement forward, such as jutting the
jaw out.
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, Retraction Answer: Re (back) + trahere (to pull); movement backward, such as pulling the jaw
back. Synovial joints (name these joints when labeled; not all are synovial)
Acromioclavicular Answer: Acromion (shoulder tip) + clavicle; joint between the scapula and
clavicle.
Atlantoaxial Answer: Atlas (C1) + axis (C2); pivot joint that allows head rotation.
Atlanto-occipital Answer: Atlas (C1) + occipital bone; joint that allows nodding the head yes.
Carpometacarpal Answer: Carpus (wrist) + metacarpal; joints between wrist bones and hand
bones.
Glenohumeral Answer: Glenoid (socket) + humerus; shoulder joint.
Humeroulnar Answer: Humerus + ulna; elbow joint between the humerus and ulna.
Humeroradial Answer: Humerus + radius; elbow joint between the humerus and radius.
Iliofemoral Answer: Ilium + femur; hip joint connection supported by the iliofemoral ligament.
Intercarpal Answer: Inter (between) + carpus (wrist); joints between carpal bones.
Proximal interphalangeal Answer: Proximus (nearest) + between phalanges; joint between
proximal and middle phalanges.
Distal interphalangeal Answer: Distare (away) + between phalanges; joint between middle and
distal phalanges.
Intertarsal Answer: Inter (between) + tarsus (ankle); joints between tarsal bones.
Intervertebral Answer: Inter (between) + vertebra; joints between vertebrae.
Metacarpophalangeal Answer: Metacarpal + phalanx; knuckle joints between metacarpals and
fingers.
Metatarsophalangeal Answer: Metatarsal + phalanx; joints between metatarsals and toes.
Proximal radioulnar Answer: Proximus (nearest) + radius + ulna; joint near the elbow that
allows forearm rotation.
Distal radioulnar Answer: Distare (away) + radius + ulna; joint near the wrist that allows
forearm rotation.
Radiocarpal Answer: Radius + carpus (wrist); wrist joint between the radius and carpal bones.
Sacroiliac Answer: Sacrum + ilium; joint between the sacrum and hip bone.
Sternoclavicular Answer: Sternum + clavicle; joint between the breastbone and collarbone.
Talocrural Answer: Talus + crus (leg); ankle joint between the talus, tibia, and fibula.
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