BIO 110 EXAM 3 REVIEW (MODULES 8-11) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
COMPLETE BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
Module 8 - ANS ✔✔Genetics
Homozygous - ANS ✔✔2 of same letters.
ex. AA or aa
Carrier - ANS ✔✔heterozygous, does not display the recessive trait or has symptoms
Heterozygous - ANS ✔✔different letter sizes
Hybrid - ANS ✔✔result of mating from 2 different species
alleles - ANS ✔✔variants of a gene.
ex. AA, aa, Aa
genotype - ANS ✔✔genetic consumption fo an individual
Ex. AA, AaBb
Punnett Square - ANS ✔✔diagram used to predict the outcome of offspring
Dihybrid Cross - ANS ✔✔
Pedigree - ANS ✔✔recorded ancestry
Unaffected vs affected - ANS ✔✔whether or not the shape is unshaded or shaded.
Incomplete Dominant - ANS ✔✔red x white = pink
Codominance - ANS ✔✔red x white = red-white
Complete Dominance - ANS ✔✔red x white = red
TrueBreeding - ANS ✔✔white flower x self pollination = all white flowers
Females contain - ANS ✔✔2 X chromosomes
Males contain - ANS ✔✔an X & Y chromosome
X linked trait - ANS ✔✔occurs on an Xchromosome, can be passed down to men or women
X-inactivation - ANS ✔✔1/2 chromosomes of female has been inactivated
Module 9 - ANS ✔✔Replication, Translation, & Transcription
, semiconservative replication - ANS ✔✔1 strand is conserved while the other is replicated
antiparallel - ANS ✔✔dna strands are side by side but ruin in opposite directions
Okazaki fragments - ANS ✔✔sort newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand during
replication
transcription - ANS ✔✔-the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
translation - ANS ✔✔cellular ribsomes making proteins
A site - ANS ✔✔hold the trna carrying the NEXT amino acid to be ADDED
P site - ANS ✔✔holds the trna holding the GROWING POLYPEPTIDE
E site - ANS ✔✔place where the discharged trna leaves the ribosome
silent mutation - ANS ✔✔a nucleotide pair substitution that has no observation efefct on the phenotype
missense mutation - ANS ✔✔a nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon for a different amino
acid
nonsense mutation - ANS ✔✔a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to 1 of the 3 STOP codons,
resulting ina shorter & usually nonfunctional proteins
frameshift mutation - ANS ✔✔a mutation occuring when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a
gene
Stages of transciption - ANS ✔✔-initation
-elongation
-termination
the DNA Backbone - ANS ✔✔consists of phoshates and sugars
Helicase - ANS ✔✔unwinds the dna strands
Ligase - ANS ✔✔glues fragments of dna together
DNA Polymerase - ANS ✔✔-adds nucleotides to an existing 3'OH end
-DNA TEMPLATES --directs which nucloetides are added through base parinig
-uses nucleotides triphosphates; hydrolysis of the triphosphates priovides the energy the dna needed for
this anabolic reaction
-proofreads the dna nucleotides before putting it there
RNA Polymerase - ANS ✔✔begins transcription at a proimoter sequence and terminates transcription at
the end of a gene
Topoisomerase - ANS ✔✔prevents DNA from knotting or coiling up ahead up replication fork
COMPLETE BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
Module 8 - ANS ✔✔Genetics
Homozygous - ANS ✔✔2 of same letters.
ex. AA or aa
Carrier - ANS ✔✔heterozygous, does not display the recessive trait or has symptoms
Heterozygous - ANS ✔✔different letter sizes
Hybrid - ANS ✔✔result of mating from 2 different species
alleles - ANS ✔✔variants of a gene.
ex. AA, aa, Aa
genotype - ANS ✔✔genetic consumption fo an individual
Ex. AA, AaBb
Punnett Square - ANS ✔✔diagram used to predict the outcome of offspring
Dihybrid Cross - ANS ✔✔
Pedigree - ANS ✔✔recorded ancestry
Unaffected vs affected - ANS ✔✔whether or not the shape is unshaded or shaded.
Incomplete Dominant - ANS ✔✔red x white = pink
Codominance - ANS ✔✔red x white = red-white
Complete Dominance - ANS ✔✔red x white = red
TrueBreeding - ANS ✔✔white flower x self pollination = all white flowers
Females contain - ANS ✔✔2 X chromosomes
Males contain - ANS ✔✔an X & Y chromosome
X linked trait - ANS ✔✔occurs on an Xchromosome, can be passed down to men or women
X-inactivation - ANS ✔✔1/2 chromosomes of female has been inactivated
Module 9 - ANS ✔✔Replication, Translation, & Transcription
, semiconservative replication - ANS ✔✔1 strand is conserved while the other is replicated
antiparallel - ANS ✔✔dna strands are side by side but ruin in opposite directions
Okazaki fragments - ANS ✔✔sort newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand during
replication
transcription - ANS ✔✔-the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
translation - ANS ✔✔cellular ribsomes making proteins
A site - ANS ✔✔hold the trna carrying the NEXT amino acid to be ADDED
P site - ANS ✔✔holds the trna holding the GROWING POLYPEPTIDE
E site - ANS ✔✔place where the discharged trna leaves the ribosome
silent mutation - ANS ✔✔a nucleotide pair substitution that has no observation efefct on the phenotype
missense mutation - ANS ✔✔a nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon for a different amino
acid
nonsense mutation - ANS ✔✔a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to 1 of the 3 STOP codons,
resulting ina shorter & usually nonfunctional proteins
frameshift mutation - ANS ✔✔a mutation occuring when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a
gene
Stages of transciption - ANS ✔✔-initation
-elongation
-termination
the DNA Backbone - ANS ✔✔consists of phoshates and sugars
Helicase - ANS ✔✔unwinds the dna strands
Ligase - ANS ✔✔glues fragments of dna together
DNA Polymerase - ANS ✔✔-adds nucleotides to an existing 3'OH end
-DNA TEMPLATES --directs which nucloetides are added through base parinig
-uses nucleotides triphosphates; hydrolysis of the triphosphates priovides the energy the dna needed for
this anabolic reaction
-proofreads the dna nucleotides before putting it there
RNA Polymerase - ANS ✔✔begins transcription at a proimoter sequence and terminates transcription at
the end of a gene
Topoisomerase - ANS ✔✔prevents DNA from knotting or coiling up ahead up replication fork
