Drone4IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide 4 4 4 4
NR283 Exam 1 Study Guide 4 4 4 4
(Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, & 21) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
*Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying, if you don’t know what a term mea
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ns, look it up before you continue studying. Take your thinking a step further by asking yourself “wh
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
y” as you are reviewing material. This will lead to understanding of the material versus memorizatio
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
n which will better help you answer questions. Remember, this study guide does not mirror the exam
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 and you are responsible for all course content; ensure that you have an understanding of concepts. T
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
hat being said, if you complete and understand this study guide, you will be well prepared for the nex
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
t exam.
4
*Ensure that you understand all highlighted terms in each chapter
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
* Answer the question and supplemental questions included with the original question C
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
hapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
4 4 4 4
1. What are the 7 steps of health? 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Don’t smoke, avoid 2nd hand smoke 4 4 4 4 4
−Eat 5−10 servings of vegetables & Fruit daily. High fiber, lower−fat foods. Limit alcoholic drinks to
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 or 2 a day.
4 4 4 4
−Be active 4
−Protect yourself & family from the sun 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Follow cancer screening guidelines 4 4 4
−Visit doctor or dentist if any change in normal state of health
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Follow health & safety instructions at home and work when using, storing and disposing of hazardo
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
us materials.
4
2. What is the definition of disease? 4 4 4 4 4
Deviation from normal state or homeostasis: structure or function of any part, organ, system (or co
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
mbination of these) or from a state of wellness. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3. Describe what homeostasis is: maintenance of stable internal environment of the body despite e
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
xternal changes. 4
a. Which factors indicate how well the body is maintaining homeostasis? (3 listed) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Blood pressure 4
−Body Temp 4
−Fluid Balance 4
4. Describe the following & list examples: 4 4 4 4 4
a. Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or experiencing an injury in the first place 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(doctors, vaccines) 4
Ex.) immunizations, screenings controlling potential hazards at home, education
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. When is this implemented? Before disease is present 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
b. Secondary Prevention: Baby aspirin−hypertension, frequent monitoring, modified work 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Downloaded4by4Great4Mind4()
,Drone4IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide 4 4 4 4
i. When is this implemented? After illness or risk factors have been diagnosed to
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
prevent complications. To slow progress of disease, limit long−term disability and pr
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
event re−injury. 4
c. Tertiary Prevention: Pain management, support groups, rehab 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. When is this implemented? Diagnosed after complication to prevent & preserve q 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
uality of life. Helping people manage complicated, long term health problems
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish findings, tr
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ack certain diseases and are responsible for signaling warning about predisposing conditions or
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
current treatments? 4
−United States Public Health Service
4 4 4 4
−Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
4 4 4 4 4 4
−State & Local authorities
4 4 4
*Findings are gathered by World Health Organization (WHO)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
6. Describe each characteristic of disease:
4 4 4 4
−Pathogenesis: development of the disease or events involved in tissue changes related to specif
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ic disease process
4 4
−Onset: sudden and obvious or acute
4 4 4 4 4
−insidious: gradual progression with vague or mild signs 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−acute: short−term illnesss developing quickly with marked signs (fever, severe pain)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Chronic: milder condition developing gradually. Persisting for a long time (rheumatoid arthr
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
itis)
−Subclinical state: pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations show by patient
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Latent stage: no clinical signs. Also referred to incubation period, time between exposure to micro
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
organism and onset of signs or symptoms. Disease may be communicable or contagious.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Prodromal period: early development of disease when aware of a change in the body, but signs
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
aren’t specific. Ex.) fatigue, headache.
4 4 4 4
−Manifestations: clinical evidence or signs and symptoms. Ex.) redness, swelling. May also be system
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ic=general indicators of illness like a fever 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Signs: objective or observed by someone other than affected individual. Ex.) fever, rash
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Symptoms: subjective feelings felt and said by patient. Ex.) pain, lethargy etc.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Lesion: specific local change in a tissue . Ex.) blister or pimple
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms, affecting more than one organ and occur together du
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
e to certain condition
4 4 4
−Diagnostic Tests 4
−Remissions & exacerbations: course or progress of disease. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex.) seizure in individual with a seizure
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
disorder.
4
Predisposed factor: at higher risk for disease because of life style habits/genetics. Ex.) coronary
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
artery disease b/c high cholesterol diet
4 4 4 4 4
Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of primary condition. Ex.) paralysis following a stroke C
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
onvalescence or Rehab: period of recovery, returning to normal state4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Downloaded4by4Great4Mind4()
, Drone4IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide 4 4 4 4
7. What is prophylaxis and why is it important? What are some examples of prophylactic measures in
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
health care? Measures designed to preserve health and prevent the incidence or spread of disea
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
se. Provides information that benefit patients’ needs and allows them to make better decisions
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
about their health. Ex.) Treatment for myocardial infarction for high risk patient= 1 baby aspirin
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
daily.
8. Describe the difference between acute and chronic disease:
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Acute is the sudden onset of short term illness with marked signs such as fever, severe pain etc. Chro
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
nic is more mild gradually developing that persists for a long time.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
9. Describe the difference between morbidity and mortality:
4 4 4 4 4 4
Morbidity is the disease rates within a group such as stroke cause within a population. Mortality
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
is the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
10. Describe each term of cellular adaptation and list examples:
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
a. Atrophy: “shrink” decrease in size of cells=reduced tissue mass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: limb in cast for several weeks 4 4 4 4 4 4
b. Hypertrophy: “grow in size” increase in size of cells=enlarged tissue mass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: exercise on skeletal muscle or weight lifting 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
c. Hyperplasia: “grow in numbers” increased number of cells=enlarged tissue mass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: Uterine enlargement during pregnancy 4 4 4 4
d. Metaplasia: “replace w/ diff. mature cell” mature cell type is replaced by diff mature cell
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
type.
i. Ex: In smokers lining of lungs (ciliated columnar epithelium) gets replaced with
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
more resistant tissue (stratified squamous epithelium). Decreases defense for
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
lungs.
e. Dysplasia: “dysfunctional” cells vary in size and shape w/in a tissue 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: Pap smear 4 4
f. Anaplasia: “undifferentiated cells” un.diff. cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: Characteristic of cancer, basis for grading aggressiveness of tumors 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
g. Neoplasia: “new growth” new growth of a tumor, these are differentiated cells 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: malignant or benign tumors 4 4 4 4
11. Describe each term related to cell damage and list examples:
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
a. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death 4 4 4
b. Ischemia/Hypoxia
Ischemia: reduced blood flow to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction blocked
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
artery, resp. impairment (chest pain) (Oxygen, nutrients, WBC/RBC)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in the tissue. Interferes with ATP production. Sodium pump
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
stops as well as other cell functions.4 4 4 4 4 4
i. What is the difference between ischemia and hypoxia? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Ischemia reduced blood flow & hypoxia reduced oxygen 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
c. Physical injury: related to heat or mechanical pressures. Impair blood supply to cells or m
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
etabolic processes. 4
Downloaded4by4Great4Mind4()
NR283 Exam 1 Study Guide 4 4 4 4
(Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, & 21) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
*Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying, if you don’t know what a term mea
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ns, look it up before you continue studying. Take your thinking a step further by asking yourself “wh
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
y” as you are reviewing material. This will lead to understanding of the material versus memorizatio
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
n which will better help you answer questions. Remember, this study guide does not mirror the exam
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 and you are responsible for all course content; ensure that you have an understanding of concepts. T
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
hat being said, if you complete and understand this study guide, you will be well prepared for the nex
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
t exam.
4
*Ensure that you understand all highlighted terms in each chapter
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
* Answer the question and supplemental questions included with the original question C
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
hapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
4 4 4 4
1. What are the 7 steps of health? 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Don’t smoke, avoid 2nd hand smoke 4 4 4 4 4
−Eat 5−10 servings of vegetables & Fruit daily. High fiber, lower−fat foods. Limit alcoholic drinks to
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 or 2 a day.
4 4 4 4
−Be active 4
−Protect yourself & family from the sun 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Follow cancer screening guidelines 4 4 4
−Visit doctor or dentist if any change in normal state of health
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Follow health & safety instructions at home and work when using, storing and disposing of hazardo
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
us materials.
4
2. What is the definition of disease? 4 4 4 4 4
Deviation from normal state or homeostasis: structure or function of any part, organ, system (or co
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
mbination of these) or from a state of wellness. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3. Describe what homeostasis is: maintenance of stable internal environment of the body despite e
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
xternal changes. 4
a. Which factors indicate how well the body is maintaining homeostasis? (3 listed) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Blood pressure 4
−Body Temp 4
−Fluid Balance 4
4. Describe the following & list examples: 4 4 4 4 4
a. Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or experiencing an injury in the first place 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(doctors, vaccines) 4
Ex.) immunizations, screenings controlling potential hazards at home, education
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. When is this implemented? Before disease is present 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
b. Secondary Prevention: Baby aspirin−hypertension, frequent monitoring, modified work 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Downloaded4by4Great4Mind4()
,Drone4IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide 4 4 4 4
i. When is this implemented? After illness or risk factors have been diagnosed to
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
prevent complications. To slow progress of disease, limit long−term disability and pr
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
event re−injury. 4
c. Tertiary Prevention: Pain management, support groups, rehab 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. When is this implemented? Diagnosed after complication to prevent & preserve q 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
uality of life. Helping people manage complicated, long term health problems
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish findings, tr
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ack certain diseases and are responsible for signaling warning about predisposing conditions or
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
current treatments? 4
−United States Public Health Service
4 4 4 4
−Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
4 4 4 4 4 4
−State & Local authorities
4 4 4
*Findings are gathered by World Health Organization (WHO)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
6. Describe each characteristic of disease:
4 4 4 4
−Pathogenesis: development of the disease or events involved in tissue changes related to specif
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ic disease process
4 4
−Onset: sudden and obvious or acute
4 4 4 4 4
−insidious: gradual progression with vague or mild signs 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−acute: short−term illnesss developing quickly with marked signs (fever, severe pain)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Chronic: milder condition developing gradually. Persisting for a long time (rheumatoid arthr
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
itis)
−Subclinical state: pathologic changes occur, no obvious manifestations show by patient
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Latent stage: no clinical signs. Also referred to incubation period, time between exposure to micro
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
organism and onset of signs or symptoms. Disease may be communicable or contagious.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Prodromal period: early development of disease when aware of a change in the body, but signs
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
aren’t specific. Ex.) fatigue, headache.
4 4 4 4
−Manifestations: clinical evidence or signs and symptoms. Ex.) redness, swelling. May also be system
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
ic=general indicators of illness like a fever 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Signs: objective or observed by someone other than affected individual. Ex.) fever, rash
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Symptoms: subjective feelings felt and said by patient. Ex.) pain, lethargy etc.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Lesion: specific local change in a tissue . Ex.) blister or pimple
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms, affecting more than one organ and occur together du
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
e to certain condition
4 4 4
−Diagnostic Tests 4
−Remissions & exacerbations: course or progress of disease. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex.) seizure in individual with a seizure
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
disorder.
4
Predisposed factor: at higher risk for disease because of life style habits/genetics. Ex.) coronary
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
artery disease b/c high cholesterol diet
4 4 4 4 4
Sequelae: potential unwanted outcomes of primary condition. Ex.) paralysis following a stroke C
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
onvalescence or Rehab: period of recovery, returning to normal state4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Downloaded4by4Great4Mind4()
, Drone4IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide 4 4 4 4
7. What is prophylaxis and why is it important? What are some examples of prophylactic measures in
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
health care? Measures designed to preserve health and prevent the incidence or spread of disea
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
se. Provides information that benefit patients’ needs and allows them to make better decisions
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
about their health. Ex.) Treatment for myocardial infarction for high risk patient= 1 baby aspirin
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
daily.
8. Describe the difference between acute and chronic disease:
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Acute is the sudden onset of short term illness with marked signs such as fever, severe pain etc. Chro
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
nic is more mild gradually developing that persists for a long time.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
9. Describe the difference between morbidity and mortality:
4 4 4 4 4 4
Morbidity is the disease rates within a group such as stroke cause within a population. Mortality
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
is the number of deaths resulting from a particular disease.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
10. Describe each term of cellular adaptation and list examples:
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
a. Atrophy: “shrink” decrease in size of cells=reduced tissue mass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: limb in cast for several weeks 4 4 4 4 4 4
b. Hypertrophy: “grow in size” increase in size of cells=enlarged tissue mass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: exercise on skeletal muscle or weight lifting 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
c. Hyperplasia: “grow in numbers” increased number of cells=enlarged tissue mass 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: Uterine enlargement during pregnancy 4 4 4 4
d. Metaplasia: “replace w/ diff. mature cell” mature cell type is replaced by diff mature cell
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
type.
i. Ex: In smokers lining of lungs (ciliated columnar epithelium) gets replaced with
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
more resistant tissue (stratified squamous epithelium). Decreases defense for
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
lungs.
e. Dysplasia: “dysfunctional” cells vary in size and shape w/in a tissue 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: Pap smear 4 4
f. Anaplasia: “undifferentiated cells” un.diff. cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: Characteristic of cancer, basis for grading aggressiveness of tumors 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
g. Neoplasia: “new growth” new growth of a tumor, these are differentiated cells 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
i. Ex: malignant or benign tumors 4 4 4 4
11. Describe each term related to cell damage and list examples:
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
a. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death 4 4 4
b. Ischemia/Hypoxia
Ischemia: reduced blood flow to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction blocked
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
artery, resp. impairment (chest pain) (Oxygen, nutrients, WBC/RBC)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in the tissue. Interferes with ATP production. Sodium pump
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
stops as well as other cell functions.4 4 4 4 4 4
i. What is the difference between ischemia and hypoxia? 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Ischemia reduced blood flow & hypoxia reduced oxygen 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
c. Physical injury: related to heat or mechanical pressures. Impair blood supply to cells or m
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
etabolic processes. 4
Downloaded4by4Great4Mind4()
