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APHY 101 MIDTERM REVIEW QUESTIONS / / / /
Chapter 1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
/ / / / / / /
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
/ / / / / / /
a. Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
2. What are the levels of organization and define each.
/ / / / / / / /
a. Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
/ / / / / / /
b. Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)
/ / / / / / / / / / /
c. Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
/ / / / / / / / / /
d. Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
/ / / / / / / / / /
e. Organ System: group of organs with common function (digestive system)
/ / / / / / / / /
f. Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human) / / / / / /
3. What are the characteristics of life and define each.
/ / / / / / / /
a. All of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life:
/ / / / / / / / / /
b. Movement - /
Change in position of the body or of a body part; m
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
otion of an internal organ
/ / / /
c. Digestion - /
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbe
/ / / / / / / / / / /
d and used
/ /
d. Responsiveness - Reaction to a change inside or outside the body / / / / / / / / / /
e. Absorption - /
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
/ / / / / / / / /
f. Growth - /
Increase in body size without change in shape
/ / / / / / / /
g. Circulation - Movement of substances in body fluids / / / / / / /
h. Reproduction - /
Production of new organisms and new cells
/ / / / / / /
i. Assimilation - /
Changing of absorbed substances into different che
/ / / / / / /
mical forms /
j. Respiration - Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon / / / / /
dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use
/ / / / / / / / / / / / /
oxygen in respiration) / /
k. Excretion-Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions / / / / / /
4. What are the requirements of life? Why is each important?
/ / / / / / / / /
a. Water: most abundant substance in body, environment for metabolic p
/ / / / / / / / /
rocesses, required for transport of substances, regulation of body temp
/ / / / / / / / /
erature
b. Food: provides necessary nutrients, supplies energy, supplies raw
/ / / / / / / /
materials for building living tissue. / / / /
c. Oxygen: one-fifth of air, used to release energy from nutrients
/ / / / / / / / /
d. Heat: form of energy in our environment helps maintain body te
/ / / / / / / / / /
mperature, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions / / / / / /
e. Pressure: application of force on an object, atmospheric pressure is i
/ / / / / / / / / /
mportant for breathing, hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
/ / / / / / /
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, 5. Define homeostasis. /
a. Maintaining a stable internal environment / / / /
6. What is a homeostatic mechanism?
/ / / /
a. Self-
regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and co / / / / / / / / / /
rrect them as needed. There are 3 parts: / / / / / / /
i. Receptor: detects and provides information about the stimuli / / / / / / /
ii. Control center: decision maker that maintains the set point / / / / / / / /
iii. Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and ca / / / / / / / / / / /
used the necessary change in the internal environment. / / / / / / /
Chapter 2 – Chemical Basis of Life
/ / / / / /
1. Define matter, element and atom. What is the basic unit of matter?
/ / / / / / / / / / /
a. Matter: anything that takes up space & composed of elements: solids, liq
/ / / / / / / / / / /
uids, and gases are matter / / / /
b. Elements: simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties. / / / / / / / /
There are 98 naturally occurring elements / / / / /
c. Atoms: smallest particles of an element that have properties of that el
/ / / / / / / / / / /
ement
2. What is the structure of an atom?
/ / / / / /
a. Composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleus / / / / / / /
3. Define nucleus, proton, neutron and electron. What charges do each of these pa
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
rticles have? /
a. Proton (+) carries a single positive charge / / / / / /
b. Neutron (0) carries no electrical charge / / / / /
c. Electron (-) carries a single negative charge / / / / / /
d. Nucleus: central part of atom, composed of protons and neutrons, el / / / / / / / / / /
ectrons move around the nucleus / / / /
4. What are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds? What are the differences among th
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
e three?
/
a. Covalent: strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share el / / / / / / / / /
ectrons
b. Ionic: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another at
/ / / / / / / / / / /
om. The attraction between a cation and an anion forms a very strong bon
/ / / / / / / / / / / / /
d between the ions / / /
c. Hydrogen: a weak attraction between slightly positive (H) end of one po / / / / / / / / / / /
lar molecule and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar mole
/ / / / / / / / / / / / /
cule, formed between adjacent water molecules, important for protein
/ / / / / / / / /
and nucleic acid structure / / /
5. Define synthesis, decomposition and exchange reactions.
/ / / / /
a. Synthesis reaction: more complex chemical structure is formed A+B AB / / / / / / / / / /
b. Decomposition Reaction: chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler c / / / / / / / / / /
hemical structure AB A + B / / / / / /
c. Exchange Reaction: chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are fo / / / / / / / / / /
rmed AB + CD AC BD / / / / / /
messages.downloaded_by
APHY 101 MIDTERM REVIEW QUESTIONS / / / /
Chapter 1- Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
/ / / / / / /
1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
/ / / / / / /
a. Anatomy is the study of structure and physiology is the study of function
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
2. What are the levels of organization and define each.
/ / / / / / / /
a. Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
/ / / / / / /
b. Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)
/ / / / / / / / / / /
c. Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
/ / / / / / / / / /
d. Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
/ / / / / / / / / /
e. Organ System: group of organs with common function (digestive system)
/ / / / / / / / /
f. Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human) / / / / / /
3. What are the characteristics of life and define each.
/ / / / / / / /
a. All of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life:
/ / / / / / / / / /
b. Movement - /
Change in position of the body or of a body part; m
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
otion of an internal organ
/ / / /
c. Digestion - /
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbe
/ / / / / / / / / / /
d and used
/ /
d. Responsiveness - Reaction to a change inside or outside the body / / / / / / / / / /
e. Absorption - /
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
/ / / / / / / / /
f. Growth - /
Increase in body size without change in shape
/ / / / / / / /
g. Circulation - Movement of substances in body fluids / / / / / / /
h. Reproduction - /
Production of new organisms and new cells
/ / / / / / /
i. Assimilation - /
Changing of absorbed substances into different che
/ / / / / / /
mical forms /
j. Respiration - Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon / / / / /
dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use
/ / / / / / / / / / / / /
oxygen in respiration) / /
k. Excretion-Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions / / / / / /
4. What are the requirements of life? Why is each important?
/ / / / / / / / /
a. Water: most abundant substance in body, environment for metabolic p
/ / / / / / / / /
rocesses, required for transport of substances, regulation of body temp
/ / / / / / / / /
erature
b. Food: provides necessary nutrients, supplies energy, supplies raw
/ / / / / / / /
materials for building living tissue. / / / /
c. Oxygen: one-fifth of air, used to release energy from nutrients
/ / / / / / / / /
d. Heat: form of energy in our environment helps maintain body te
/ / / / / / / / / /
mperature, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions / / / / / /
e. Pressure: application of force on an object, atmospheric pressure is i
/ / / / / / / / / /
mportant for breathing, hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
/ / / / / / /
messages.downloaded_by
, 5. Define homeostasis. /
a. Maintaining a stable internal environment / / / /
6. What is a homeostatic mechanism?
/ / / /
a. Self-
regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and co / / / / / / / / / /
rrect them as needed. There are 3 parts: / / / / / / /
i. Receptor: detects and provides information about the stimuli / / / / / / /
ii. Control center: decision maker that maintains the set point / / / / / / / /
iii. Effector: muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and ca / / / / / / / / / / /
used the necessary change in the internal environment. / / / / / / /
Chapter 2 – Chemical Basis of Life
/ / / / / /
1. Define matter, element and atom. What is the basic unit of matter?
/ / / / / / / / / / /
a. Matter: anything that takes up space & composed of elements: solids, liq
/ / / / / / / / / / /
uids, and gases are matter / / / /
b. Elements: simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties. / / / / / / / /
There are 98 naturally occurring elements / / / / /
c. Atoms: smallest particles of an element that have properties of that el
/ / / / / / / / / / /
ement
2. What is the structure of an atom?
/ / / / / /
a. Composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleus / / / / / / /
3. Define nucleus, proton, neutron and electron. What charges do each of these pa
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
rticles have? /
a. Proton (+) carries a single positive charge / / / / / /
b. Neutron (0) carries no electrical charge / / / / /
c. Electron (-) carries a single negative charge / / / / / /
d. Nucleus: central part of atom, composed of protons and neutrons, el / / / / / / / / / /
ectrons move around the nucleus / / / /
4. What are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds? What are the differences among th
/ / / / / / / / / / / /
e three?
/
a. Covalent: strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share el / / / / / / / / /
ectrons
b. Ionic: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another at
/ / / / / / / / / / /
om. The attraction between a cation and an anion forms a very strong bon
/ / / / / / / / / / / / /
d between the ions / / /
c. Hydrogen: a weak attraction between slightly positive (H) end of one po / / / / / / / / / / /
lar molecule and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar mole
/ / / / / / / / / / / / /
cule, formed between adjacent water molecules, important for protein
/ / / / / / / / /
and nucleic acid structure / / /
5. Define synthesis, decomposition and exchange reactions.
/ / / / /
a. Synthesis reaction: more complex chemical structure is formed A+B AB / / / / / / / / / /
b. Decomposition Reaction: chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler c / / / / / / / / / /
hemical structure AB A + B / / / / / /
c. Exchange Reaction: chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are fo / / / / / / / / / /
rmed AB + CD AC BD / / / / / /
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