Drone\IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide \ \ \ \
NR283 Exam 1 Study Guide \ \ \ \
(Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, & 21) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
*Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying, if you don’t know what a term means, l
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ook it up before you continue studying. Take your thinking a step further by asking yourself “why” as y
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ou are reviewing material. This will lead to understanding of the material versus memorization which
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
will better help you answer questions. Remember, this study guide does not mirror the exam and you ar
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
e responsible for all course content; ensure that you have an understanding of concepts. That being said,
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
if you complete and understand this study guide, you will be well prepared for the next exam.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
*Ensure that you understand all highlighted terms in each chapter
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
* Answer the question and supplemental questions included with the original question Cha
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
pter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
\ \ \ \
1. What are the 7 steps of health? \ \ \ \ \ \
−Don’t smoke,avoid2ndhand smoke \ \ \ \ \
−Eat5−10servings ofvegetables& Fruitdaily. Highfiber, lower−fatfoods.Limitalcoholicdrinks to
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
1 or 2 a day.
\ \ \ \
−Be active \
−Protectyourself & family fromthe sun \ \ \ \ \ \
−Follow cancer screening guidelines \ \ \
−Visit doctor or dentist if any change in normal state of health
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Followhealth& safety instructions athomeandwork whenusing, storingand disposing of hazardous
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
materials.
2. Whatis the definition of disease? \ \ \ \ \
Deviationfromnormalstate or homeostasis:structureor functionof any part, organ,system(or combi \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
nation of these) or from a state of wellness. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
3. Describewhathomeostasisis:maintenanceofstable internal environmentofthe bodydespite exte
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
rnal changes. \
a. Whichfactorsindicate how well thebodyis maintaining homeostasis?(3 listed) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Blood pressure \
−Body Temp \
−Fluid Balance \
4. Describethefollowing & list examples: \ \ \ \ \
a. PrimaryPrevention: Prevention of diseaseor experiencingan injury in the first place \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
(doctors, vaccines) \
Ex.) immunizations, screenings controlling potential hazards at home, education
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Whenis this implemented?Beforedisease is present \ \ \ \ \ \ \
b. Secondary Prevention: Baby aspirin−hypertension, frequent monitoring, modified work \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Downloaded\by\Great\Mind\()
,Drone\IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide \ \ \ \
i. Whenis this implemented?After illness orrisk factors have been diagnosed to \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
prevent complications. To slow progress of disease, limit long−term disability and prev
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ent re−injury. \
c. Tertiary Prevention: Pain management, support groups, rehab \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Whenis this implemented?Diagnosedafter complicationtoprevent &preserve qu \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ality of life. Helping people manage complicated, long term health problems
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish findings, trac
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
kcertaindiseasesand are responsibleforsignaling warning about predisposingconditionsor
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
current treatments? \
−United States Public Health Service
\ \ \ \
−Centers forDisease Control and Prevention (CDC)
\ \ \ \ \ \
−State & Local authorities
\ \ \
*Findings are gathered by World Health Organization (WHO)
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
6. Describe each characteristic of disease: \ \ \ \
−Pathogenesis: development of the disease or events involved in tissue changes related to specific
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
disease process \
−Onset:suddenand obvious oracute
\ \ \ \ \
−insidious: gradual progression with vague or mild signs \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−acute:short−term illnesss developingquicklywithmarked signs (fever, severepain) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Chronic: milder condition developing gradually. Persisting for a long time (rheumatoid arthriti \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
s)
−Subclinical state: pathologic changes occur, noobvious manifestations show by patient
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Latent stage: no clinical signs. Also referred to incubation period, time between exposure to microor
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ganismandonsetof signs orsymptoms.Diseasemaybe communicableorcontagious.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Prodromal period: early development of disease when aware of a change in the body, but signs
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
aren’t specific. Ex.) fatigue, headache.
\ \ \ \
−Manifestations: clinical evidence or signs and symptoms. Ex.) redness, swelling. May also be systemic= \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
general indicators of illness like a fever
\ \ \ \ \ \
−Signs: objective or observed by someone other than affected individual. Ex.) fever, rash
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Symptoms: subjective feelings felt and said by patient. Ex.) pain, lethargy etc.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Lesion: specific local change in a tissue . Ex.) blister or pimple
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms, affecting more than one organ and occur together due to
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
certain condition
\ \
−Diagnostic Tests \
−Remissions & exacerbations: course or progress of disease. \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex.) seizure in individual with a seizure di
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
sorder.
Predisposed factor: at higher risk for disease because of life style habits/genetics. Ex.) coronary
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
artery disease b/c high cholesterol diet
\ \ \ \ \
Sequelae:potentialunwantedoutcomesofprimarycondition.Ex.) paralysisfollowing astroke Con
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
valescence or Rehab: period of recovery, returning to normal state
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Downloaded\by\Great\Mind\()
, Drone\IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide \ \ \ \
7. Whatis prophylaxis andwhy isit important? Whatare some examplesofprophylacticmeasures in he
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
alth care? Measures designed to preserve health and prevent the incidence or spread of disease. Pr
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ovides information that benefit patients’ needs and allows them to make better decisions about t
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
heir health. Ex.) Treatment for myocardial infarction for high risk patient= 1 baby aspirin daily.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
8. Describethedifference betweenacuteand chronicdisease:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
Acuteis the sudden onsetof short term illnesswith marked signs suchas fever, severe painetc. Chronic i
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
s more mild gradually developing that persists for a long time.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
9. Describe the difference between morbidity and mortality:
\ \ \ \ \ \
Morbidityis the disease rates withina group suchas stroke causewithin a population. Mortality
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
is the number of deaths resultingfrom a particular disease.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
10. Describeeachtermof cellularadaptation and list examples:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
a. Atrophy: “shrink” decrease in size of cells=reduced tissue mass \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex:limb in cast forseveral weeks \ \ \ \ \ \
b. Hypertrophy: “grow in size” increase in size of cells=enlarged tissue mass \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: exercise on skeletal muscle or weight lifting \ \ \ \ \ \ \
c. Hyperplasia: “grow in numbers” increased number of cells=enlarged tissue mass \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: Uterine enlargement during pregnancy \ \ \ \
d. Metaplasia: “replace w/diff. mature cell” maturecell typeis replaced bydiff mature cell \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
type.
i. Ex:Insmokersliningof lungs (ciliatedcolumnarepithelium)gets replaced with mor
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
e resistant tissue (stratified squamous epithelium). Decreases defense for
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
lungs.
e. Dysplasia:“dysfunctional” cellsvaryin sizeand shapew/in a tissue \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex:Papsmear \ \
f. Anaplasia: “undifferentiated cells” un.diff. cells with variable nuclear and cell structures \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: Characteristic of cancer, basis for grading aggressiveness of tumors \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
g. Neoplasia: “new growth” new growth of a tumor, these are differentiated cells \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: malignant orbenign tumors \ \ \ \
11. Describeeachterm related to cell damage and list examples:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
a. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death \ \ \
b. Ischemia/Hypoxia
Ischemia: reduced blood flow to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction blocked \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
artery, resp. impairment (chest pain) (Oxygen, nutrients, WBC/RBC)
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in the tissue. Interferes with ATP production. Sodium pump
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
stops as well as other cell functions. \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Whatis the differencebetween ischemiaand hypoxia? \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Ischemiareduced bloodflow& hypoxiareduced oxygen \ \ \ \ \ \ \
c. Physicalinjury: relatedto heator mechanicalpressures. Impairblood supply to cellsor met
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
abolic processes. \
Downloaded\by\Great\Mind\()
NR283 Exam 1 Study Guide \ \ \ \
(Chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 20, & 21) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
*Make sure that you understand all of the terms you are studying, if you don’t know what a term means, l
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ook it up before you continue studying. Take your thinking a step further by asking yourself “why” as y
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ou are reviewing material. This will lead to understanding of the material versus memorization which
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
will better help you answer questions. Remember, this study guide does not mirror the exam and you ar
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
e responsible for all course content; ensure that you have an understanding of concepts. That being said,
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
if you complete and understand this study guide, you will be well prepared for the next exam.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
*Ensure that you understand all highlighted terms in each chapter
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
* Answer the question and supplemental questions included with the original question Cha
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
pter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
\ \ \ \
1. What are the 7 steps of health? \ \ \ \ \ \
−Don’t smoke,avoid2ndhand smoke \ \ \ \ \
−Eat5−10servings ofvegetables& Fruitdaily. Highfiber, lower−fatfoods.Limitalcoholicdrinks to
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
1 or 2 a day.
\ \ \ \
−Be active \
−Protectyourself & family fromthe sun \ \ \ \ \ \
−Follow cancer screening guidelines \ \ \
−Visit doctor or dentist if any change in normal state of health
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Followhealth& safety instructions athomeandwork whenusing, storingand disposing of hazardous
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
materials.
2. Whatis the definition of disease? \ \ \ \ \
Deviationfromnormalstate or homeostasis:structureor functionof any part, organ,system(or combi \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
nation of these) or from a state of wellness. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
3. Describewhathomeostasisis:maintenanceofstable internal environmentofthe bodydespite exte
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
rnal changes. \
a. Whichfactorsindicate how well thebodyis maintaining homeostasis?(3 listed) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Blood pressure \
−Body Temp \
−Fluid Balance \
4. Describethefollowing & list examples: \ \ \ \ \
a. PrimaryPrevention: Prevention of diseaseor experiencingan injury in the first place \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
(doctors, vaccines) \
Ex.) immunizations, screenings controlling potential hazards at home, education
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Whenis this implemented?Beforedisease is present \ \ \ \ \ \ \
b. Secondary Prevention: Baby aspirin−hypertension, frequent monitoring, modified work \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Downloaded\by\Great\Mind\()
,Drone\IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide \ \ \ \
i. Whenis this implemented?After illness orrisk factors have been diagnosed to \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
prevent complications. To slow progress of disease, limit long−term disability and prev
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ent re−injury. \
c. Tertiary Prevention: Pain management, support groups, rehab \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Whenis this implemented?Diagnosedafter complicationtoprevent &preserve qu \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ality of life. Helping people manage complicated, long term health problems
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
5. What are the 3 major health professional organizations who conduct research, publish findings, trac
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
kcertaindiseasesand are responsibleforsignaling warning about predisposingconditionsor
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
current treatments? \
−United States Public Health Service
\ \ \ \
−Centers forDisease Control and Prevention (CDC)
\ \ \ \ \ \
−State & Local authorities
\ \ \
*Findings are gathered by World Health Organization (WHO)
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
6. Describe each characteristic of disease: \ \ \ \
−Pathogenesis: development of the disease or events involved in tissue changes related to specific
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
disease process \
−Onset:suddenand obvious oracute
\ \ \ \ \
−insidious: gradual progression with vague or mild signs \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−acute:short−term illnesss developingquicklywithmarked signs (fever, severepain) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Chronic: milder condition developing gradually. Persisting for a long time (rheumatoid arthriti \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
s)
−Subclinical state: pathologic changes occur, noobvious manifestations show by patient
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Latent stage: no clinical signs. Also referred to incubation period, time between exposure to microor
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ganismandonsetof signs orsymptoms.Diseasemaybe communicableorcontagious.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Prodromal period: early development of disease when aware of a change in the body, but signs
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
aren’t specific. Ex.) fatigue, headache.
\ \ \ \
−Manifestations: clinical evidence or signs and symptoms. Ex.) redness, swelling. May also be systemic= \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
general indicators of illness like a fever
\ \ \ \ \ \
−Signs: objective or observed by someone other than affected individual. Ex.) fever, rash
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Symptoms: subjective feelings felt and said by patient. Ex.) pain, lethargy etc.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Lesion: specific local change in a tissue . Ex.) blister or pimple
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Syndrome: collection of signs and symptoms, affecting more than one organ and occur together due to
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
certain condition
\ \
−Diagnostic Tests \
−Remissions & exacerbations: course or progress of disease. \ \ \ \ \ \ \
−Precipitating factor: condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex.) seizure in individual with a seizure di
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
sorder.
Predisposed factor: at higher risk for disease because of life style habits/genetics. Ex.) coronary
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
artery disease b/c high cholesterol diet
\ \ \ \ \
Sequelae:potentialunwantedoutcomesofprimarycondition.Ex.) paralysisfollowing astroke Con
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
valescence or Rehab: period of recovery, returning to normal state
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Downloaded\by\Great\Mind\()
, Drone\IT NR−283: Pathophysiology−Exam 1 Study Guide \ \ \ \
7. Whatis prophylaxis andwhy isit important? Whatare some examplesofprophylacticmeasures in he
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
alth care? Measures designed to preserve health and prevent the incidence or spread of disease. Pr
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
ovides information that benefit patients’ needs and allows them to make better decisions about t
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
heir health. Ex.) Treatment for myocardial infarction for high risk patient= 1 baby aspirin daily.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
8. Describethedifference betweenacuteand chronicdisease:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
Acuteis the sudden onsetof short term illnesswith marked signs suchas fever, severe painetc. Chronic i
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
s more mild gradually developing that persists for a long time.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
9. Describe the difference between morbidity and mortality:
\ \ \ \ \ \
Morbidityis the disease rates withina group suchas stroke causewithin a population. Mortality
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
is the number of deaths resultingfrom a particular disease.
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
10. Describeeachtermof cellularadaptation and list examples:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
a. Atrophy: “shrink” decrease in size of cells=reduced tissue mass \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex:limb in cast forseveral weeks \ \ \ \ \ \
b. Hypertrophy: “grow in size” increase in size of cells=enlarged tissue mass \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: exercise on skeletal muscle or weight lifting \ \ \ \ \ \ \
c. Hyperplasia: “grow in numbers” increased number of cells=enlarged tissue mass \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: Uterine enlargement during pregnancy \ \ \ \
d. Metaplasia: “replace w/diff. mature cell” maturecell typeis replaced bydiff mature cell \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
type.
i. Ex:Insmokersliningof lungs (ciliatedcolumnarepithelium)gets replaced with mor
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
e resistant tissue (stratified squamous epithelium). Decreases defense for
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
lungs.
e. Dysplasia:“dysfunctional” cellsvaryin sizeand shapew/in a tissue \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex:Papsmear \ \
f. Anaplasia: “undifferentiated cells” un.diff. cells with variable nuclear and cell structures \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: Characteristic of cancer, basis for grading aggressiveness of tumors \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
g. Neoplasia: “new growth” new growth of a tumor, these are differentiated cells \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Ex: malignant orbenign tumors \ \ \ \
11. Describeeachterm related to cell damage and list examples:
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
a. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death \ \ \
b. Ischemia/Hypoxia
Ischemia: reduced blood flow to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction blocked \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
artery, resp. impairment (chest pain) (Oxygen, nutrients, WBC/RBC)
\ \ \ \ \ \ \
Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in the tissue. Interferes with ATP production. Sodium pump
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
stops as well as other cell functions. \ \ \ \ \ \
i. Whatis the differencebetween ischemiaand hypoxia? \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Ischemiareduced bloodflow& hypoxiareduced oxygen \ \ \ \ \ \ \
c. Physicalinjury: relatedto heator mechanicalpressures. Impairblood supply to cellsor met
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
abolic processes. \
Downloaded\by\Great\Mind\()
