FAD 3220 EXAM 1 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
lifespan development - Answers - the field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
cohort - Answers - a group of people born at around the same time in the same place;
example of history-graded influence
age-graded influences - Answers - biological and environmental influences that are
similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are
raised
sociocultural-graded influences - Answers - the social and cultural factors present at a
particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity,
social class, and subcultural membership
topical areas of lifespan development - Answers - Physical development, cognitive
development, personality development, and social development.
physical development - Answers - development involving the body's physical makeup,
including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink,
and sleep
cognitive development - Answers - study of how children acquire the ability to learn,
think, reason, communicate, and remember
personality development - Answers - stability and change in the characteristics that
differentiate one person from another over the life span
social development - Answers - the way in which individuals' interactions with others
and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
non-normative life events - Answers - unusual occurrences that have a major impact on
an individual's life
continuous change - Answers - gradual development in which achievements at one
level build on those of previous levels
discontinuous change - Answers - development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,
with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different
from behavior at earlier stages
,critical period - Answers - a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities
are most easily learned
sensitive period - Answers - a limited phase in an individual animal's development in
which they're particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in the environment
theoretical perspectives on lifespan development - Answers - Psychodynamic,
Behavioral & Cognitive Perspectives
psychodynamic perspective - Answers - how behavior springs from unconscious drives
and conflicts
behavioral perspective - Answers - the approach that suggests that observable,
measurable behavior should be the focus of study
cognitive perspective - Answers - modern perspective that focuses on memory,
intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
expand theories within psychodynamic perspective - Answers - - psychoanalytic
(Freud): suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior;
ex: desires
- psychosocial theory (Erikson): suggests our behavioral development occurs in 8 fixed,
similar stages
expand theories within behavioral perspective - Answers - social-cognitive learning
theory: emphasizes learning by observing the behavior or another person, or model
expand theories within cognitive perspective - Answers - Theory of Cognitive
Development (Piaget): suggests that growth in children's understanding of the world
could be explained by assimilation [people understanding new experience in terms of
current stage of cognitive development] and accommodation [changes in existing ways
of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events]
concepts of psychoanalytic theory - Answers - - psychosexual development: occurs as
children pass through distinct changes in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on
a particular biological function and body part
- psychosocial development: refers to change in interactions and understandings of one
another
concepts of behavioral theory (social-cognitive learning theory) - Answers - - classical
conditioning: type of learning that occurs when organism learns to respond in particular
way to neutral stimulus
, - operant conditioning: a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened
or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
- behavior modification: formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable
behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
- reinforcement: process in which behavior is followed by stimulus that increases
probability that the behavior will be repeated
concepts within Piaget's Theory - Answers - - assimilation: process in which people
understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development
- accommodation: refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to
encounters with new stimuli or events
- information-processing approach: the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals
take in, use, and store information
- neo-Piagetian theory: considers cognition as made up of different types of individual
skills
- cognitive neuroscience approaches: looks at cognitive development through the lens
of brain processes
name the main theorists and their contributions - Answers - - Freud (psychoanalytic
theory): states the unconscious is part of the personality [id: pleasure principle, ego:
reality principle, superego: conscious]
- Freud (psychosexual development): pleasure shifts from mouth -> anus -> genitals
- Erikson (psychosocial theory): says growth and change continue throughout the
lifespan unlike Freud
- Bandura (social-cognitive learning theory): proposes learning is best done through
imitation
- Piaget (cognitive development theory): discusses increase of quality and quantity of
information in a series of stages
humanistic perspective - Answers - - contends that people have a natural capacity to
make decisions abt their lives & to control their behavior; emphasizes free will
- Carl Rogers says a major proponent is people's need for positive regard
contextual perspective - Answers - - considers the relationship between individuals and
their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
lifespan development - Answers - the field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
cohort - Answers - a group of people born at around the same time in the same place;
example of history-graded influence
age-graded influences - Answers - biological and environmental influences that are
similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are
raised
sociocultural-graded influences - Answers - the social and cultural factors present at a
particular time for a particular individual, depending on such variables as ethnicity,
social class, and subcultural membership
topical areas of lifespan development - Answers - Physical development, cognitive
development, personality development, and social development.
physical development - Answers - development involving the body's physical makeup,
including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink,
and sleep
cognitive development - Answers - study of how children acquire the ability to learn,
think, reason, communicate, and remember
personality development - Answers - stability and change in the characteristics that
differentiate one person from another over the life span
social development - Answers - the way in which individuals' interactions with others
and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
non-normative life events - Answers - unusual occurrences that have a major impact on
an individual's life
continuous change - Answers - gradual development in which achievements at one
level build on those of previous levels
discontinuous change - Answers - development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,
with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different
from behavior at earlier stages
,critical period - Answers - a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities
are most easily learned
sensitive period - Answers - a limited phase in an individual animal's development in
which they're particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in the environment
theoretical perspectives on lifespan development - Answers - Psychodynamic,
Behavioral & Cognitive Perspectives
psychodynamic perspective - Answers - how behavior springs from unconscious drives
and conflicts
behavioral perspective - Answers - the approach that suggests that observable,
measurable behavior should be the focus of study
cognitive perspective - Answers - modern perspective that focuses on memory,
intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
expand theories within psychodynamic perspective - Answers - - psychoanalytic
(Freud): suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior;
ex: desires
- psychosocial theory (Erikson): suggests our behavioral development occurs in 8 fixed,
similar stages
expand theories within behavioral perspective - Answers - social-cognitive learning
theory: emphasizes learning by observing the behavior or another person, or model
expand theories within cognitive perspective - Answers - Theory of Cognitive
Development (Piaget): suggests that growth in children's understanding of the world
could be explained by assimilation [people understanding new experience in terms of
current stage of cognitive development] and accommodation [changes in existing ways
of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events]
concepts of psychoanalytic theory - Answers - - psychosexual development: occurs as
children pass through distinct changes in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on
a particular biological function and body part
- psychosocial development: refers to change in interactions and understandings of one
another
concepts of behavioral theory (social-cognitive learning theory) - Answers - - classical
conditioning: type of learning that occurs when organism learns to respond in particular
way to neutral stimulus
, - operant conditioning: a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened
or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences
- behavior modification: formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable
behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
- reinforcement: process in which behavior is followed by stimulus that increases
probability that the behavior will be repeated
concepts within Piaget's Theory - Answers - - assimilation: process in which people
understand a new experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development
- accommodation: refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to
encounters with new stimuli or events
- information-processing approach: the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals
take in, use, and store information
- neo-Piagetian theory: considers cognition as made up of different types of individual
skills
- cognitive neuroscience approaches: looks at cognitive development through the lens
of brain processes
name the main theorists and their contributions - Answers - - Freud (psychoanalytic
theory): states the unconscious is part of the personality [id: pleasure principle, ego:
reality principle, superego: conscious]
- Freud (psychosexual development): pleasure shifts from mouth -> anus -> genitals
- Erikson (psychosocial theory): says growth and change continue throughout the
lifespan unlike Freud
- Bandura (social-cognitive learning theory): proposes learning is best done through
imitation
- Piaget (cognitive development theory): discusses increase of quality and quantity of
information in a series of stages
humanistic perspective - Answers - - contends that people have a natural capacity to
make decisions abt their lives & to control their behavior; emphasizes free will
- Carl Rogers says a major proponent is people's need for positive regard
contextual perspective - Answers - - considers the relationship between individuals and
their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
