HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY V2
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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins for secretion out of
the cell?
A) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Lysosomes
Answer: B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for
synthesizing proteins that are destined for secretion or for incorporation into the
cell membrane. The Golgi modifies and packages them, but the RER does the
actual synthesis.
2. Which type of junction allows direct communication between adjacent cells
via the passage of ions and small molecules?
A) Tight junctions
B) Desmosomes
C) Gap junctions
D) Adherens junctions
Answer: C) Gap junctions
Rationale: Gap junctions form channels (connexons) that allow ions and small
molecules to pass directly between neighboring cells, enabling electrical and
metabolic coupling.
,3. In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A) G1 phase
B) S phase
C) G2 phase
D) M phase
Answer: B) S phase
Rationale: The S (synthesis) phase is when DNA is replicated, resulting in two
identical copies of each chromosome (sister chromatids).
4. Which tissue type covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands?
A) Connective tissue
B) Muscle tissue
C) Nervous tissue
D) Epithelial tissue
Answer: D) Epithelial tissue
Rationale: Epithelial tissue functions in protection, absorption, secretion, and
sensation. It forms the epidermis, inner lining of organs, and glandular tissue.
5. What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
A) ATP production
B) Intracellular digestion
C) Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins
D) Lipid synthesis
Answer: C) Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER, modifies them (e.g.,
adding carbohydrates), and packages them into vesicles for transport to their final
destinations.
,6. Which layer of the epidermis is the outermost, composed of dead, keratinized
cells?
A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum spinosum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum
Answer: D) Stratum corneum
Rationale: The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer, consisting of 20–30
layers of dead, flattened, keratinized cells that provide a tough, waterproof barrier.
7. Which gland type secretes its products directly into the bloodstream without
ducts?
A) Exocrine gland
B) Endocrine gland
C) Apocrine gland
D) Holocrine gland
Answer: B) Endocrine gland
Rationale: Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the
interstitial fluid and blood. Exocrine glands have ducts and secrete onto epithelial
surfaces.
8. Which bone is the longest and heaviest in the human body?
A) Tibia
B) Humerus
C) Fibula
D) Femur
Answer: D) Femur
Rationale: The femur (thigh bone) is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone,
designed to support the weight of the body during standing and movement.
, 9. What type of joint is found between the bones of the skull?
A) Syndesmosis
B) Symphysis
C) Suture
D) Gomphosis
Answer: C) Suture
Rationale: Sutures are immovable fibrous joints that connect the bones of the
skull, allowing for protection of the brain.
10. Which bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption (breaking down
bone tissue)?
A) Osteoblast
B) Osteocyte
C) Osteoclast
D) Chondrocyte
Answer: C) Osteoclast
Rationale: Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down bone matrix
(resorption) to release calcium and phosphate into the blood.
11. The shaft of a long bone is known as the:
A) Epiphysis
B) Metaphysis
C) Diaphysis
D) Periosteum
Answer: C) Diaphysis
Rationale: The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical shaft of a long bone, composed
mainly of compact bone and containing the medullary cavity.
NEWEST 2026 TEST BANK WITH 300
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins for secretion out of
the cell?
A) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Lysosomes
Answer: B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rationale: The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for
synthesizing proteins that are destined for secretion or for incorporation into the
cell membrane. The Golgi modifies and packages them, but the RER does the
actual synthesis.
2. Which type of junction allows direct communication between adjacent cells
via the passage of ions and small molecules?
A) Tight junctions
B) Desmosomes
C) Gap junctions
D) Adherens junctions
Answer: C) Gap junctions
Rationale: Gap junctions form channels (connexons) that allow ions and small
molecules to pass directly between neighboring cells, enabling electrical and
metabolic coupling.
,3. In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
A) G1 phase
B) S phase
C) G2 phase
D) M phase
Answer: B) S phase
Rationale: The S (synthesis) phase is when DNA is replicated, resulting in two
identical copies of each chromosome (sister chromatids).
4. Which tissue type covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands?
A) Connective tissue
B) Muscle tissue
C) Nervous tissue
D) Epithelial tissue
Answer: D) Epithelial tissue
Rationale: Epithelial tissue functions in protection, absorption, secretion, and
sensation. It forms the epidermis, inner lining of organs, and glandular tissue.
5. What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
A) ATP production
B) Intracellular digestion
C) Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins
D) Lipid synthesis
Answer: C) Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins
Rationale: The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER, modifies them (e.g.,
adding carbohydrates), and packages them into vesicles for transport to their final
destinations.
,6. Which layer of the epidermis is the outermost, composed of dead, keratinized
cells?
A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum spinosum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum
Answer: D) Stratum corneum
Rationale: The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer, consisting of 20–30
layers of dead, flattened, keratinized cells that provide a tough, waterproof barrier.
7. Which gland type secretes its products directly into the bloodstream without
ducts?
A) Exocrine gland
B) Endocrine gland
C) Apocrine gland
D) Holocrine gland
Answer: B) Endocrine gland
Rationale: Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the
interstitial fluid and blood. Exocrine glands have ducts and secrete onto epithelial
surfaces.
8. Which bone is the longest and heaviest in the human body?
A) Tibia
B) Humerus
C) Fibula
D) Femur
Answer: D) Femur
Rationale: The femur (thigh bone) is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone,
designed to support the weight of the body during standing and movement.
, 9. What type of joint is found between the bones of the skull?
A) Syndesmosis
B) Symphysis
C) Suture
D) Gomphosis
Answer: C) Suture
Rationale: Sutures are immovable fibrous joints that connect the bones of the
skull, allowing for protection of the brain.
10. Which bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption (breaking down
bone tissue)?
A) Osteoblast
B) Osteocyte
C) Osteoclast
D) Chondrocyte
Answer: C) Osteoclast
Rationale: Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down bone matrix
(resorption) to release calcium and phosphate into the blood.
11. The shaft of a long bone is known as the:
A) Epiphysis
B) Metaphysis
C) Diaphysis
D) Periosteum
Answer: C) Diaphysis
Rationale: The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical shaft of a long bone, composed
mainly of compact bone and containing the medullary cavity.
