CHD 3243 EXAM 3 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Constructivist approach - Answers - learner-centered approach which emphasizes the
importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with
guidance from the teacher. Students should be encouraged to explore their world,
discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically with careful monitoring and meaning
guidance from the teacher. May include an emphasis on collaboration.
Direct Instruction approach - Answers - Structured, teacher-centered approach that is
characterized by: teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students'
progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, efforts by the teacher to
keep negative affect to a minimum. An important goal is maximizing student learning
time.
Accountability - Answers - -Since the 1990s, the US public and governments at every
level have demanded increased accountability from schools. One result has been the
spread of state-mandated tests to measure just what students had or had not learned.
This approach became national policy in 2002 when the No Child Let Behind (NCLB)
legislation was signed into law.
-Advocates argue that statewide standardized testing will have a number of positive
effects, including improved student performance. Critics argue that the NCLB legislation
is doing more harm than good. Common Core State Standards Initiative was endorsed
by the National Governors Association in 2009 in an effort to implement more rigorous
state guidelines for educating students.
Transition to middle or junior high school - Answers - -The transition to middle or junior
high school can be difficult and stressful for many students.
-The transition takes place at a time when many changes- in the individual, in the family,
and in school- are occurring simultaneously.
-Transitioning students experience the top-dog phenomenon.
-The transition is less stressful when students have positive relationships with friends
and go through the transition in team oriented schools in which 20-30 students take the
same classes together.
-There can also be positive aspect of the transition.
improving middle schools - Answers - In 1989 the Carnegie Council on Adolescent
Development issued an extremely negative evaluation of US middle schools, Turning
Points: Preparing American Youth for the Twenty-First Century.
The conclusion was reached that: most young adolescents attend massive, impersonal
schools, learn from seemingly irrelevant curricula, trust few adults in school, and lack
access to health care and counseling.
The American high school - Answers - Many high school graduates are not only poorly
prepared for college, they are also poorly prepared for the demands of the modern, high
,performance workplace. The national research council made a humber of
recommendations for improving US high schools: especially emphasized was the
importance of finding ways to get students more engaged in learning. the council said
urban high schools are too often characterized by low expectations, alienation, and low
achievement.
high school dropouts - Answers - -Dropping out of high school has been viewed as a
serious educational and societal problem for many decades.
-Vary by ethnicity and gender. Highest dropouts by latinos, males more than females,
higher in urban cities.
Causes of dropping out - Answers - School related problems are consistently
associated with dropping out of school. students from low income families are more
likely. Low parental involvement. friends who drop out. 1/3 of girls drop out for
pregnancy or marriage.
Reducing the dropout rate - Answers - A review of school based dropout programs
found that the most effective programs provided early reading programs, tutoring,
counseling, and mentoring. they also emphasize the importance of creating caring
environments and relationships and offered community service opportunities. Early
detection of children's school related difficulties, and getting children and youth engaged
with school in positive ways, are important strategies for reducing the dropout rate.
transition from high school to college - Answers - the transition parallels the transition
from elementary to middle in many ways: replays the top dog phenomenon. involves a
move to a larger more impersonal school structure. interaction with peers from diverse
geographical and sometimes more diverse ethnic backgrounds. increased focus on
achievement and performance and their assessment. the transition can have positive
aspects.
Changing social developmental contexts - Answers - The social context differs at the
preschool, elementary, and secondary level. in preschool and elementary school, the
classroom is the major context. as children move into middle or junior high schools, the
school environment increases in scope and complexity. the social field is the school as
a whole rather than the classroom. the student in secondary schools is usually aware of
the school as a social system and may be motivated to conform and adapt to the
system or to challenge it.
classroom climate and management - Answers - one effective strategy for creating
positive classroom enviornments is to use the authoriative strategy. it encourages
students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring. the
authoritative strategy contrasts with two ineffective strategies:
Autoritarian strategy: of classroom management: restrictive and punitive, with the focus
mainly on keeping order rather than on instruction and learning.
Permissive: strategy of classroom management: offers students considerable autonomy
but provides them with little support for developing skills or managing their behavior.
, Well managed classroom - Answers - -fosters meaningful learning but also helps
prevent academic and emotional problems from developing. keeps students busy with
active appropriately challenging tasks. Has activities that encourage students to
become absorbed and motivated and learn clear rules and regulations.
Secondary school students' problems can be more long standing and more deeply
ingrained, therefore more difficult to modify, than those of elementary school students
Teachers - Answers - Competent teachers of adolescents have a good understanding
of their development and know how to create instruction materials that are appropriate
for the developmental levels of the adolescents in their classroom. Positive teacher
traits and dimensions: enthusiasm, ability to plan, poise, adaptability, warmth, flexibility,
and awareness of individual differences.
Effective teacher practices/strategies: develop caring classroom communities, enhance
students motivation to learn, plan and deliver engaging, assessment driven instruction,
support students deep processing and self regulation skills
person environment fit - Answers - -Some of the negative psychological changes
associated with adolescent development might result from a mismatch between the
needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by the schools
they attend.
Eccles argues that a lack of fit between the middle/junior high environment and the
needs of young adlescents produces increasingly negative self evaluations and attitues
toward school.
Family management - Answers - practices are positively related to grades and self-
responsibility and negatively to school-related problems. maintaining a structured and
organized family environment includes: establishing routines for homework, chores,
bedtime, etc. high expectations for achievement.
Parental involvement - Answers - minimal in elementary school, and even less in
secondary school. the more involved parents are in their childrens learning, the higher
the level of achievement their children will attain. east asian parents are far more
involved in their childrens and adolescents learning than are US parents.
Teachers, parents, peers, and extracurricular activities. - Answers - Eva Pomerantz
recently offered the following recommendations. availibility is not fixed and can change;
be involved; support autonomy and self inititive; positive; each child is different.
Peers - Answers - middle schools are structured in a way that encourages students to
interact with larger numbers of peers on a daily basis. peer statuses and relation to
school success: being popular or accepted by peers is usually associated with
academic success, whereas being rejected by peers is related to more negative
academic outcomes.
Constructivist approach - Answers - learner-centered approach which emphasizes the
importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with
guidance from the teacher. Students should be encouraged to explore their world,
discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically with careful monitoring and meaning
guidance from the teacher. May include an emphasis on collaboration.
Direct Instruction approach - Answers - Structured, teacher-centered approach that is
characterized by: teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students'
progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, efforts by the teacher to
keep negative affect to a minimum. An important goal is maximizing student learning
time.
Accountability - Answers - -Since the 1990s, the US public and governments at every
level have demanded increased accountability from schools. One result has been the
spread of state-mandated tests to measure just what students had or had not learned.
This approach became national policy in 2002 when the No Child Let Behind (NCLB)
legislation was signed into law.
-Advocates argue that statewide standardized testing will have a number of positive
effects, including improved student performance. Critics argue that the NCLB legislation
is doing more harm than good. Common Core State Standards Initiative was endorsed
by the National Governors Association in 2009 in an effort to implement more rigorous
state guidelines for educating students.
Transition to middle or junior high school - Answers - -The transition to middle or junior
high school can be difficult and stressful for many students.
-The transition takes place at a time when many changes- in the individual, in the family,
and in school- are occurring simultaneously.
-Transitioning students experience the top-dog phenomenon.
-The transition is less stressful when students have positive relationships with friends
and go through the transition in team oriented schools in which 20-30 students take the
same classes together.
-There can also be positive aspect of the transition.
improving middle schools - Answers - In 1989 the Carnegie Council on Adolescent
Development issued an extremely negative evaluation of US middle schools, Turning
Points: Preparing American Youth for the Twenty-First Century.
The conclusion was reached that: most young adolescents attend massive, impersonal
schools, learn from seemingly irrelevant curricula, trust few adults in school, and lack
access to health care and counseling.
The American high school - Answers - Many high school graduates are not only poorly
prepared for college, they are also poorly prepared for the demands of the modern, high
,performance workplace. The national research council made a humber of
recommendations for improving US high schools: especially emphasized was the
importance of finding ways to get students more engaged in learning. the council said
urban high schools are too often characterized by low expectations, alienation, and low
achievement.
high school dropouts - Answers - -Dropping out of high school has been viewed as a
serious educational and societal problem for many decades.
-Vary by ethnicity and gender. Highest dropouts by latinos, males more than females,
higher in urban cities.
Causes of dropping out - Answers - School related problems are consistently
associated with dropping out of school. students from low income families are more
likely. Low parental involvement. friends who drop out. 1/3 of girls drop out for
pregnancy or marriage.
Reducing the dropout rate - Answers - A review of school based dropout programs
found that the most effective programs provided early reading programs, tutoring,
counseling, and mentoring. they also emphasize the importance of creating caring
environments and relationships and offered community service opportunities. Early
detection of children's school related difficulties, and getting children and youth engaged
with school in positive ways, are important strategies for reducing the dropout rate.
transition from high school to college - Answers - the transition parallels the transition
from elementary to middle in many ways: replays the top dog phenomenon. involves a
move to a larger more impersonal school structure. interaction with peers from diverse
geographical and sometimes more diverse ethnic backgrounds. increased focus on
achievement and performance and their assessment. the transition can have positive
aspects.
Changing social developmental contexts - Answers - The social context differs at the
preschool, elementary, and secondary level. in preschool and elementary school, the
classroom is the major context. as children move into middle or junior high schools, the
school environment increases in scope and complexity. the social field is the school as
a whole rather than the classroom. the student in secondary schools is usually aware of
the school as a social system and may be motivated to conform and adapt to the
system or to challenge it.
classroom climate and management - Answers - one effective strategy for creating
positive classroom enviornments is to use the authoriative strategy. it encourages
students to be independent thinkers and doers but still involves effective monitoring. the
authoritative strategy contrasts with two ineffective strategies:
Autoritarian strategy: of classroom management: restrictive and punitive, with the focus
mainly on keeping order rather than on instruction and learning.
Permissive: strategy of classroom management: offers students considerable autonomy
but provides them with little support for developing skills or managing their behavior.
, Well managed classroom - Answers - -fosters meaningful learning but also helps
prevent academic and emotional problems from developing. keeps students busy with
active appropriately challenging tasks. Has activities that encourage students to
become absorbed and motivated and learn clear rules and regulations.
Secondary school students' problems can be more long standing and more deeply
ingrained, therefore more difficult to modify, than those of elementary school students
Teachers - Answers - Competent teachers of adolescents have a good understanding
of their development and know how to create instruction materials that are appropriate
for the developmental levels of the adolescents in their classroom. Positive teacher
traits and dimensions: enthusiasm, ability to plan, poise, adaptability, warmth, flexibility,
and awareness of individual differences.
Effective teacher practices/strategies: develop caring classroom communities, enhance
students motivation to learn, plan and deliver engaging, assessment driven instruction,
support students deep processing and self regulation skills
person environment fit - Answers - -Some of the negative psychological changes
associated with adolescent development might result from a mismatch between the
needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by the schools
they attend.
Eccles argues that a lack of fit between the middle/junior high environment and the
needs of young adlescents produces increasingly negative self evaluations and attitues
toward school.
Family management - Answers - practices are positively related to grades and self-
responsibility and negatively to school-related problems. maintaining a structured and
organized family environment includes: establishing routines for homework, chores,
bedtime, etc. high expectations for achievement.
Parental involvement - Answers - minimal in elementary school, and even less in
secondary school. the more involved parents are in their childrens learning, the higher
the level of achievement their children will attain. east asian parents are far more
involved in their childrens and adolescents learning than are US parents.
Teachers, parents, peers, and extracurricular activities. - Answers - Eva Pomerantz
recently offered the following recommendations. availibility is not fixed and can change;
be involved; support autonomy and self inititive; positive; each child is different.
Peers - Answers - middle schools are structured in a way that encourages students to
interact with larger numbers of peers on a daily basis. peer statuses and relation to
school success: being popular or accepted by peers is usually associated with
academic success, whereas being rejected by peers is related to more negative
academic outcomes.
