CHD 3243 EXAM 3 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Constructivist Approach - Answers - learner-centered approach which emphasizes the
importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with
guidance from the teacher
Direct Instruction Approach - Answers - structured, teacher center approach that is
characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student's
progress, max time spent by students on academic tasks, efforts by the teacher to keep
negative affect to a minimum.
Accountability - Answers - Since the 1990s, the US public and governments at every
level demanded increased accountability from schools (resulted in state-mandated tests
and no child left behind)
No child left behind law - Answers - national policy passed in 2002, mandated state
tests to measure student progress
Common core state standards - Answers - endorsed by the national governors
association in 2009 in an effort to implement more rigorous state guidelines for
educating students
Transition to middle school - Answers - - can be difficult and stressful for many students
- occurs during a time when many other changes are taking place simultaneously
- can also be positive aspects to this transition (feel grown up, more opportunities)
- "top-dog phenomenon" : moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful
students in the elementary school to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful
students in the middle or junior high school.
the american high school - Answers - - many high school grads are poorly prepared for
college and the workplace
- ways to improve this: emphasizing the importance of finding ways to get more
students engaged in learning
high school dropouts - Answers - - dropping out has been viewed as a serious
educational and societal problem for many decades
- dropouts rates have declined
- males more likely to drop out
- reasons to drop out are school related (not liking it, being expelled); economic reasons
(need to get a job, low SES more likely); 1/3 of girl drop outs were for marriage or
pregnancy
transition from high school to college - Answers - this transition parallels the transition
from elementary to middle school
,involves a move to a larger, more impersonal, school structure
- college students are more depressed than ever
classroom climate and management - Answers - - one effective way is to use
authoritative strategy
- this strategy encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still
involves effective monitoring
authoritarian strategy - Answers - Restrictive and punitive, with the focus mainly on
keeping order rather than on instruction and learning.
permissive strategy - Answers - Offers students considerable autonomy but provides
them with little support for developing skills or managing their behavior.
characteristics of a well managed classroom - Answers - ◦Fosters meaningful learning
but also helps prevent academic and emotional problems from developing.
◦Keeps students busy with active, appropriately challenging tasks.
◦Has activities that encourage students to become absorbed and motivated and learn
clear rules and regulations.
person environment fit (Eccles) - Answers - Some of the negative psychological
changes associated with adolescent development might result from a mismatch
between the needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by
the schools they attend.
characteristics of effective teachers - Answers - ◦Competent teachers of adolescents
have a good understanding of their development and know how to create instruction
materials that are appropriate for the developmental levels of the adolescents in their
classroom.
◦Positive Teacher traits and dimensions: enthusiasm, ability to plan, poise, adaptability,
warmth, flexibility, and awareness of individual differences
- developing caring classroom communities
- enhancing students motivation
- planning assessment driven instruction
- supporting students self-regulation skills
influence of parents on education - Answers - ◦Family management practices are
positively related to grades and self-responsibility and negatively to school-related
problems.
Maintaining a structured and organized family environment includes:
Establishing routines for homework, chores, bedtime, etc
.High expectations for achievement.
◦Parental involvement is minimal in elementary school, and even less in secondary
school.
, The more involved parents are in their children's learning, the higher the level of
achievement their children will attain.
East Asian parents are far more involved in their children's and adolescents' learning
than are U.S. parents.
peer status and relation to school success - Answers - Being popular or accepted by
peers is usually associated with academic success, whereas being rejected by peers is
related to more negative academic outcomes
bullying - Answers - Boys are more likely to be bullies than girls
Boys and younger middle school students are most likely to be bullied.
Anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children are often victims.
Many bullies are not rejected by the peer group.
Bullies and their victims in adolescence were more likely to experience depression and
engage in suicide ideation and attempt suicide.
Engaging in bullying during middle school is linked to an increased likelihood of
antisocial and criminal behavior later in adolescence and adulthood .
A dramatic increase in cyberbullying has occurred recently.
extracurricular activities - Answers - ◦Participation is linked to:
Higher grades.
School engagement.
Less likelihood of dropping out.
Improved probability of going to college.
Higher self-esteem.
Lower rates of depression, delinquency, and substance abuse.
SES and ethnicity related to education - Answers - schools in low income areas:
Are more likely to have more students with low achievement scores.
Low graduation rates
.Small percentages of students going to college.
Are more likely to have young teachers with less experience.
More noncredentialed or nonqualified teachers.
More substitute teachers who regularly fill in.
Are more likely to encourage rote learning.
Don't provide adequate support for English language learners.
Which are the top disabilities - Answers - 1. learning disability
2. speech and language impairments
3. intellectual disability
4. autism
5. emotional disturbance
types of learning disabilities - Answers - - dyslexia: impairment in ability to read and
write
Constructivist Approach - Answers - learner-centered approach which emphasizes the
importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with
guidance from the teacher
Direct Instruction Approach - Answers - structured, teacher center approach that is
characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for student's
progress, max time spent by students on academic tasks, efforts by the teacher to keep
negative affect to a minimum.
Accountability - Answers - Since the 1990s, the US public and governments at every
level demanded increased accountability from schools (resulted in state-mandated tests
and no child left behind)
No child left behind law - Answers - national policy passed in 2002, mandated state
tests to measure student progress
Common core state standards - Answers - endorsed by the national governors
association in 2009 in an effort to implement more rigorous state guidelines for
educating students
Transition to middle school - Answers - - can be difficult and stressful for many students
- occurs during a time when many other changes are taking place simultaneously
- can also be positive aspects to this transition (feel grown up, more opportunities)
- "top-dog phenomenon" : moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful
students in the elementary school to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful
students in the middle or junior high school.
the american high school - Answers - - many high school grads are poorly prepared for
college and the workplace
- ways to improve this: emphasizing the importance of finding ways to get more
students engaged in learning
high school dropouts - Answers - - dropping out has been viewed as a serious
educational and societal problem for many decades
- dropouts rates have declined
- males more likely to drop out
- reasons to drop out are school related (not liking it, being expelled); economic reasons
(need to get a job, low SES more likely); 1/3 of girl drop outs were for marriage or
pregnancy
transition from high school to college - Answers - this transition parallels the transition
from elementary to middle school
,involves a move to a larger, more impersonal, school structure
- college students are more depressed than ever
classroom climate and management - Answers - - one effective way is to use
authoritative strategy
- this strategy encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers but still
involves effective monitoring
authoritarian strategy - Answers - Restrictive and punitive, with the focus mainly on
keeping order rather than on instruction and learning.
permissive strategy - Answers - Offers students considerable autonomy but provides
them with little support for developing skills or managing their behavior.
characteristics of a well managed classroom - Answers - ◦Fosters meaningful learning
but also helps prevent academic and emotional problems from developing.
◦Keeps students busy with active, appropriately challenging tasks.
◦Has activities that encourage students to become absorbed and motivated and learn
clear rules and regulations.
person environment fit (Eccles) - Answers - Some of the negative psychological
changes associated with adolescent development might result from a mismatch
between the needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by
the schools they attend.
characteristics of effective teachers - Answers - ◦Competent teachers of adolescents
have a good understanding of their development and know how to create instruction
materials that are appropriate for the developmental levels of the adolescents in their
classroom.
◦Positive Teacher traits and dimensions: enthusiasm, ability to plan, poise, adaptability,
warmth, flexibility, and awareness of individual differences
- developing caring classroom communities
- enhancing students motivation
- planning assessment driven instruction
- supporting students self-regulation skills
influence of parents on education - Answers - ◦Family management practices are
positively related to grades and self-responsibility and negatively to school-related
problems.
Maintaining a structured and organized family environment includes:
Establishing routines for homework, chores, bedtime, etc
.High expectations for achievement.
◦Parental involvement is minimal in elementary school, and even less in secondary
school.
, The more involved parents are in their children's learning, the higher the level of
achievement their children will attain.
East Asian parents are far more involved in their children's and adolescents' learning
than are U.S. parents.
peer status and relation to school success - Answers - Being popular or accepted by
peers is usually associated with academic success, whereas being rejected by peers is
related to more negative academic outcomes
bullying - Answers - Boys are more likely to be bullies than girls
Boys and younger middle school students are most likely to be bullied.
Anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children are often victims.
Many bullies are not rejected by the peer group.
Bullies and their victims in adolescence were more likely to experience depression and
engage in suicide ideation and attempt suicide.
Engaging in bullying during middle school is linked to an increased likelihood of
antisocial and criminal behavior later in adolescence and adulthood .
A dramatic increase in cyberbullying has occurred recently.
extracurricular activities - Answers - ◦Participation is linked to:
Higher grades.
School engagement.
Less likelihood of dropping out.
Improved probability of going to college.
Higher self-esteem.
Lower rates of depression, delinquency, and substance abuse.
SES and ethnicity related to education - Answers - schools in low income areas:
Are more likely to have more students with low achievement scores.
Low graduation rates
.Small percentages of students going to college.
Are more likely to have young teachers with less experience.
More noncredentialed or nonqualified teachers.
More substitute teachers who regularly fill in.
Are more likely to encourage rote learning.
Don't provide adequate support for English language learners.
Which are the top disabilities - Answers - 1. learning disability
2. speech and language impairments
3. intellectual disability
4. autism
5. emotional disturbance
types of learning disabilities - Answers - - dyslexia: impairment in ability to read and
write
