CHD 3243 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Freud and Erikson argued that ___________ influenced gender behavior. - Answers -
anatomy/biological factors
Evolutionary psychologists argues that because of _____________ _______ ___
______________, males and females faced different pressures in primeval
environments when the human species was evolving. - Answers - differing roles in
reproduction
Social Role Theory - Answers - Alice Eagly's theory that gender differences mainly
result from the contrasting roles of females and males, with females having less power
and status and controlling fewer resources
Parent's influence their children's and adolescents' gender development by: - Answers -
- allowing boys more independence then they allow girls
- having different achievement expectations for their adolescent sons and daughters,
especially in math & science
How do mothers & fathers interact differently with their sons and daughters? - Answers -
- mothers socialize girls to be obedient and responsible
- fathers engage in more activities with sons and promote son's intellectual development
Social Cognitive Theory of Gender - Answers - emphasizes that children's and
adolescents' gender development is influenced by:
- their observation and imitation of others' gender behavior
- the rewards and punishments they experience for gender-appropriate & gender-
inappropriate behavior
How do siblings play a significant role in gender socialization? - Answers - one study
revealed that over a 2-year time frame in early adolescence, younger siblings become
more similar to their older siblings in terms of gender role and leisure activity
How do peers affect gender socialization? - Answers - - peers are responding to and
modeling masculine and feminine behavior
- adolescents spend increasing amounts of time with peers
- peer approval or disapproval is a powerful influence on gender attitudes and behavior
- peers can socialize gender behavior partly by accepting or rejecting others on the
basis of their gender-related attributes
One area of concern is whether schools and teachers have biases against both boys
and girls because: - Answers - - girls more than boys tend to be compliant, follow the
,rules, and be neat and orderly; these behaviors are valued and reinforced in many
classrooms
- boys are more likely to have a learning disability or ADHD, drop out of school, and be
criticized by their teachers
Messages about gender roles carried by ______ ________ are important influences on
adolescent development. - Answers - mass media
______ ____________ may be a period of heightened sensitivity to TV messages about
gender roles. - Answers - Early adolescence
Exposure to the internet and social media are increasing _______ _______________ of
adolescents and emerging adults. - Answers - body dissatisfaction
According to the social cognitive theory, what are the mechanisms by which gender
develops? - Answers - observation, imitation, rewards and punishment
Gender Schema Theory - Answers - gender-typing emerges as children and
adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate &
gender-inappropriate in their culture
Gender stereotypes - Answers - broad categories that reflect our impressions and
beliefs about females and males
Which traits are associated with boys/men and girls/women? - Answers - boys/men:
instrumental
girls/women: expressive
What are the physical similarities and differences between boys/men and girls/women?
- Answers - - boys/men: on average, grow to be taller and have greater physical
strength than girls/women
- girls/women: have twice the body fat of boys/men
- similarities/differences found in the brain are small or inconsistent
Boys tend to outperform girls in _______________ ________. - Answers - visuospatial
skills
Girls tend to outperform boys in ____________ and _________. - Answers - reading,
writing
Measures of achievement in school or scores on standardized tests may reflect many
factors besides cognitive ability, such as: - Answers - - gender differences characterize
U.S. dropout rates, with boys more likely to drop out than girls
- beginning in 1996, girls were more likely to enroll in college than boys
- gender differences in STEM careers favor boys/men
- gender and ethnicity intersect to create systems of power, privilege, and discrimination
, What are the observed differences in aggression between girls and boys? - Answers - -
in all cultures studied, boys/men tend to be more physically aggressive than
girls/women
- relational aggression comprises a greater percentage of girls' overall aggression than
it does for boys
Rapport talk - Answers - the language of conversation and a way of establishing
connections and negotiating relationships (it is often enjoyed more by girls/women)
Report talk - Answers - gives information, such as storytelling, joking, and lecturing (it is
more often used by boys/men)
________ view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic & demonstrate more
prosocial behavior and show more empathy. - Answers - Girls
When it comes to emotion and its regulation, girls tend to: - Answers - - express more
emotion
- smile more
- cry more
- are happier
- better than boys/men at decoding emotions
- better at facial emotion perception
When it comes to emotion and its regulation, boys tend to: - Answers - - have less self-
regulation than females
- have low-self control, which translates into behavior problems
Evolutionary psychologists, such as David Buss, argue that ______ ____________ are
__________ and caused by the adaptive problems the genders have faced across their
evolutionary history. - Answers - gendered differences, extensive
Alice Eagly also concludes that gender differences are substantial but emphasizes that
they are due to _______ _________ that have resulted in women having less power
and controlling fewer resources than men. - Answers - social conditions
Janet Shibley Hyde concludes that gender differences have been __________
______________, especially fueled by popular books. - Answers - greatly exaggerated
In the past, a well-adjusted boy/man was supposed to be: - Answers - independent,
aggressive, and powerful
In the past, a well-adjusted girl/woman was supposed to be: - Answers - dependent,
nurturing, and uninterested in power
ANSWERS
Freud and Erikson argued that ___________ influenced gender behavior. - Answers -
anatomy/biological factors
Evolutionary psychologists argues that because of _____________ _______ ___
______________, males and females faced different pressures in primeval
environments when the human species was evolving. - Answers - differing roles in
reproduction
Social Role Theory - Answers - Alice Eagly's theory that gender differences mainly
result from the contrasting roles of females and males, with females having less power
and status and controlling fewer resources
Parent's influence their children's and adolescents' gender development by: - Answers -
- allowing boys more independence then they allow girls
- having different achievement expectations for their adolescent sons and daughters,
especially in math & science
How do mothers & fathers interact differently with their sons and daughters? - Answers -
- mothers socialize girls to be obedient and responsible
- fathers engage in more activities with sons and promote son's intellectual development
Social Cognitive Theory of Gender - Answers - emphasizes that children's and
adolescents' gender development is influenced by:
- their observation and imitation of others' gender behavior
- the rewards and punishments they experience for gender-appropriate & gender-
inappropriate behavior
How do siblings play a significant role in gender socialization? - Answers - one study
revealed that over a 2-year time frame in early adolescence, younger siblings become
more similar to their older siblings in terms of gender role and leisure activity
How do peers affect gender socialization? - Answers - - peers are responding to and
modeling masculine and feminine behavior
- adolescents spend increasing amounts of time with peers
- peer approval or disapproval is a powerful influence on gender attitudes and behavior
- peers can socialize gender behavior partly by accepting or rejecting others on the
basis of their gender-related attributes
One area of concern is whether schools and teachers have biases against both boys
and girls because: - Answers - - girls more than boys tend to be compliant, follow the
,rules, and be neat and orderly; these behaviors are valued and reinforced in many
classrooms
- boys are more likely to have a learning disability or ADHD, drop out of school, and be
criticized by their teachers
Messages about gender roles carried by ______ ________ are important influences on
adolescent development. - Answers - mass media
______ ____________ may be a period of heightened sensitivity to TV messages about
gender roles. - Answers - Early adolescence
Exposure to the internet and social media are increasing _______ _______________ of
adolescents and emerging adults. - Answers - body dissatisfaction
According to the social cognitive theory, what are the mechanisms by which gender
develops? - Answers - observation, imitation, rewards and punishment
Gender Schema Theory - Answers - gender-typing emerges as children and
adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate &
gender-inappropriate in their culture
Gender stereotypes - Answers - broad categories that reflect our impressions and
beliefs about females and males
Which traits are associated with boys/men and girls/women? - Answers - boys/men:
instrumental
girls/women: expressive
What are the physical similarities and differences between boys/men and girls/women?
- Answers - - boys/men: on average, grow to be taller and have greater physical
strength than girls/women
- girls/women: have twice the body fat of boys/men
- similarities/differences found in the brain are small or inconsistent
Boys tend to outperform girls in _______________ ________. - Answers - visuospatial
skills
Girls tend to outperform boys in ____________ and _________. - Answers - reading,
writing
Measures of achievement in school or scores on standardized tests may reflect many
factors besides cognitive ability, such as: - Answers - - gender differences characterize
U.S. dropout rates, with boys more likely to drop out than girls
- beginning in 1996, girls were more likely to enroll in college than boys
- gender differences in STEM careers favor boys/men
- gender and ethnicity intersect to create systems of power, privilege, and discrimination
, What are the observed differences in aggression between girls and boys? - Answers - -
in all cultures studied, boys/men tend to be more physically aggressive than
girls/women
- relational aggression comprises a greater percentage of girls' overall aggression than
it does for boys
Rapport talk - Answers - the language of conversation and a way of establishing
connections and negotiating relationships (it is often enjoyed more by girls/women)
Report talk - Answers - gives information, such as storytelling, joking, and lecturing (it is
more often used by boys/men)
________ view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic & demonstrate more
prosocial behavior and show more empathy. - Answers - Girls
When it comes to emotion and its regulation, girls tend to: - Answers - - express more
emotion
- smile more
- cry more
- are happier
- better than boys/men at decoding emotions
- better at facial emotion perception
When it comes to emotion and its regulation, boys tend to: - Answers - - have less self-
regulation than females
- have low-self control, which translates into behavior problems
Evolutionary psychologists, such as David Buss, argue that ______ ____________ are
__________ and caused by the adaptive problems the genders have faced across their
evolutionary history. - Answers - gendered differences, extensive
Alice Eagly also concludes that gender differences are substantial but emphasizes that
they are due to _______ _________ that have resulted in women having less power
and controlling fewer resources than men. - Answers - social conditions
Janet Shibley Hyde concludes that gender differences have been __________
______________, especially fueled by popular books. - Answers - greatly exaggerated
In the past, a well-adjusted boy/man was supposed to be: - Answers - independent,
aggressive, and powerful
In the past, a well-adjusted girl/woman was supposed to be: - Answers - dependent,
nurturing, and uninterested in power
