CHD 3243 EXAM 1 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
bidirectional influences - Answers - Children's development influences their
experiences, but their experiences also influence their development; includes
environment (physical, social, cultural), behavior, neural activity, and genetic activity
socialization - Answers - the process through which the adolescent acquires beliefs,
behaviors, and values of his or her community
how have historical views of adolescence changed over time? - Answers - - in the
middle ages, children & adolescents were seen as little adults, subject to harsh
discipline
- in the 18th century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau restored the idea that being a
child/adolescent is different than being an adult
- in the 20th century, scientific exploration of adolescence began
storm-and-stress view - Answers - G. Stanley Hall's concept that adolescence is a
turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings
sociocultural view - Answers - according to Margaret Mead, the basic nature of
adolescence is not biological, but rather sociocultural
inventionist view - Answers - adolescence is a sociohistorical creation
cohort - Answers - a group of people who were born at a similar point in history and
share similar experiences as a result
cohort effects - Answers - influences attributed to a person's year of birth, era, or
generation, but not to actual chronological age
millennials - Answers - the generation born after 1980, the first to come of age and enter
emerging adulthood in the new millennium
stereotype - Answers - a generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a
broad category of people
adolescent generalization gap - Answers - coined by Joseph Adelson, refers to
generalizations that are based on information about a limited, often highly visible group
of adolescents
the "five c's" of positive youth development (PYD) - Answers - competence, confidence,
connection, character, caring/compassion
,contexts - Answers - settings--influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural
factors-- in which development occurs
social policy - Answers - the course of action designed by the national government to
influence the welfare of its citizens
development - Answers - the pattern of continuity & change that begins at conception
and continues through the life span
biological processes - Answers - physical changes in an individual's body
cognitive processes - Answers - changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence
socioemotional processes - Answers - changes in an individual's emotions, personality,
relationships with others, and social contexts
prenatal period - Answers - conception to birth
infancy - Answers - birth to 18-24 months
early childhood - Answers - 2-5 years
middle and late childhood - Answers - 6-11 years of age
adolescence - Answers - the period between childhood and adulthood that involves
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes
early adolescence - Answers - corresponds roughly to the middle school or junior high
school years and includes most pubertal change
late adolescence - Answers - refers approximately to the latter half of the second
decade of life
emerging adulthood - Answers - transition period from adolescence to adulthood,
approximately 18-25 years of age
five key features of emerging adulthood - Answers - identity exploration
instability
self-focused
feeling in-between
age of possibilities
in the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is
holding a ____________ - Answers - permanent full-time job (economic independence)
, At some point in the late teens through the early 20s, then, individuals reach adulthood
and: - Answers - - accept responsibility for themselves
- become capable of making independent decisions
- gain financial independence from their parents
resilience - Answers - adapting positively and achieving successful outcomes in the face
of significant risks and adverse circumstances
nature-nurture issue - Answers - Debate about whether development is primarily
influenced by nature (biological inheritance) or nurture (environmental experiences)
continuity-discontinuity issue - Answers - the debate about the extent to which
development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages
(discontinuity)
early-later experience issue - Answers - focuses on the degree to which early
experiences (especially early in childhood) or later experiences are the key
determinants of development
scientific method - Answers - - conceptualize a process or problem to be studied
- collect research information (data)
- analyze data
- draw conclusions
theory: - Answers - an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain
phenomena and make predictions
hypothesis - Answers - a specific assertion or prediction that can be tested
Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Answers - Freud believed that the stages were
determined by the developing sexuality of the child. At each stage, a different
erogenous zone becomes important and can become the source of conflicts.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Answers - stage theory of psychosocial development,
lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the
next dilemma
1. trust vs mistrust
2. autonomy vs shame/doubt
3. initiative vs guilt
4. industry vs inferiority
5. identity vs role confusion (adolescents)
6. intimacy vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation
8. integrity vs despair
bidirectional influences - Answers - Children's development influences their
experiences, but their experiences also influence their development; includes
environment (physical, social, cultural), behavior, neural activity, and genetic activity
socialization - Answers - the process through which the adolescent acquires beliefs,
behaviors, and values of his or her community
how have historical views of adolescence changed over time? - Answers - - in the
middle ages, children & adolescents were seen as little adults, subject to harsh
discipline
- in the 18th century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau restored the idea that being a
child/adolescent is different than being an adult
- in the 20th century, scientific exploration of adolescence began
storm-and-stress view - Answers - G. Stanley Hall's concept that adolescence is a
turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings
sociocultural view - Answers - according to Margaret Mead, the basic nature of
adolescence is not biological, but rather sociocultural
inventionist view - Answers - adolescence is a sociohistorical creation
cohort - Answers - a group of people who were born at a similar point in history and
share similar experiences as a result
cohort effects - Answers - influences attributed to a person's year of birth, era, or
generation, but not to actual chronological age
millennials - Answers - the generation born after 1980, the first to come of age and enter
emerging adulthood in the new millennium
stereotype - Answers - a generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a
broad category of people
adolescent generalization gap - Answers - coined by Joseph Adelson, refers to
generalizations that are based on information about a limited, often highly visible group
of adolescents
the "five c's" of positive youth development (PYD) - Answers - competence, confidence,
connection, character, caring/compassion
,contexts - Answers - settings--influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural
factors-- in which development occurs
social policy - Answers - the course of action designed by the national government to
influence the welfare of its citizens
development - Answers - the pattern of continuity & change that begins at conception
and continues through the life span
biological processes - Answers - physical changes in an individual's body
cognitive processes - Answers - changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence
socioemotional processes - Answers - changes in an individual's emotions, personality,
relationships with others, and social contexts
prenatal period - Answers - conception to birth
infancy - Answers - birth to 18-24 months
early childhood - Answers - 2-5 years
middle and late childhood - Answers - 6-11 years of age
adolescence - Answers - the period between childhood and adulthood that involves
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes
early adolescence - Answers - corresponds roughly to the middle school or junior high
school years and includes most pubertal change
late adolescence - Answers - refers approximately to the latter half of the second
decade of life
emerging adulthood - Answers - transition period from adolescence to adulthood,
approximately 18-25 years of age
five key features of emerging adulthood - Answers - identity exploration
instability
self-focused
feeling in-between
age of possibilities
in the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is
holding a ____________ - Answers - permanent full-time job (economic independence)
, At some point in the late teens through the early 20s, then, individuals reach adulthood
and: - Answers - - accept responsibility for themselves
- become capable of making independent decisions
- gain financial independence from their parents
resilience - Answers - adapting positively and achieving successful outcomes in the face
of significant risks and adverse circumstances
nature-nurture issue - Answers - Debate about whether development is primarily
influenced by nature (biological inheritance) or nurture (environmental experiences)
continuity-discontinuity issue - Answers - the debate about the extent to which
development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages
(discontinuity)
early-later experience issue - Answers - focuses on the degree to which early
experiences (especially early in childhood) or later experiences are the key
determinants of development
scientific method - Answers - - conceptualize a process or problem to be studied
- collect research information (data)
- analyze data
- draw conclusions
theory: - Answers - an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain
phenomena and make predictions
hypothesis - Answers - a specific assertion or prediction that can be tested
Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Answers - Freud believed that the stages were
determined by the developing sexuality of the child. At each stage, a different
erogenous zone becomes important and can become the source of conflicts.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Answers - stage theory of psychosocial development,
lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the
next dilemma
1. trust vs mistrust
2. autonomy vs shame/doubt
3. initiative vs guilt
4. industry vs inferiority
5. identity vs role confusion (adolescents)
6. intimacy vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation
8. integrity vs despair
