Texas Educator Certification (TExES Core Subjects EC–6)
phonemic awareness development -correct answer-Awareness of sounds in a language
Awareness of rhymes
Awareness that sentences can be broken down into words, syllables, and sounds
Ability to talk about, reflect upon, and manipulate sounds
Understanding the relationship between written and spoken language
Rhyming, segmenting sentences into words, blending syllables into words, delete/substitute
syllables/sounds from words
phonemes -correct answer-the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word
different from another word.
single unit of sound
Vowel-consonant patterns -correct answer-In a cvc pattern, the vowel is often a short vowel
sound. In a CVCe word, the vowel is followed by a consonant and then the letter e. The e is
usually silent and the vowel before the e is usually long. In a CVVC word, two vowels appear
between two consonants.
reading comprehension:
A. Literal
B. Inferential
C. Evaluative -correct answer-Literal - Readers identify and/or recall relevant information
explicitly stated in the reading selection by
- identifying the order of events or a specific event from a sequence of events.
,-identifying details such as key words, phrases or sentences that explicitly state important
characteristics, circumstances, or similarities and differences in characters, times or places.
Inferential - Readers use information explicitly stated in the passage to determine what is
not stated. Readers derive meaning by
-identifying implicit relationships (relationships not directly stated) such as cause and effect,
sequence-time relationships, comparisons, classifications and generalizations.
-predicting probable future outcomes or actions.
Evaluative - In evaluative comprehension readers analyze and make judgments about what
they read. At this level, readers use evidence from the text to reach conclusions and make
generalizations about the text and its wider implications by
-drawing conclusions about the characteristics, values, and habits of human beings.
-drawing conclusions about the author's motivation or purpose for writing a passage or story
based on evidence in the selection.
Spelling Development: PRECOMMUNICATIVE SPELLING -correct answer-"babbling" stage of
spelling. Children use letters for writing words but the letters are strung together randomly.
The letters in precommunicative spelling do not correspond to sounds. Examples: OPSPS =
eagle; RTAT = eighty.
SEMIPHONETIC SPELLERS -correct answer-know that letters represent sounds.They perceive
and represent reliable sounds with letters in a type of telegraphic writing. Spellings are often
abbreviated representing initial and / or final sound. Examples: E = eagle; a = eighty.
PHONETIC SPELLERS -correct answer-spell words like they sound.The speller perceives and
represents all of the phonemes in a word, though spellings may be unconventional.
Examples: EGL = eagle; ATE = eighty.
TRANSITIONAL SPELLERS -correct answer-think about how words appearr visually;a visual
memory of spelling patterns is apparent. Spellings exhibit conventions of English
orthography like vowels in every syllable, e-marker and vowel digraph patterns, correctly
spelled inflectional endings, and frequent English letter sequences. Examples: EGIL = eagle;
EIGHTEE = eighty.
CONVENTIONAL SPELLERS -correct answer-develop over years of word study and writing.
Correct spelling can be categorized by instruction levels. For example, correct spelling for a
, corpus. . . words that can be spelled by the average fourth grader would be fourth grade
level correct spelling. Place the word in this category if it is listed correctly.
Expository essay -correct answer-genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an
idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that
idea in a clear and concise manner.
present a fair and balanced analysis of a subject based on facts—with no references to the
writer's opinions or emotions.
phonological awareness -correct answer-Phonological awareness is the understanding that
speech can be broken into smaller units of sound such as words, syllables, onsets and rimes,
and phonemes.
What is the difference between phonemic awareness and phonics? -correct answer-Phonics
involves the relationship between sounds and written symbols, whereas phonemic
awareness involves sounds in spoken words. Therefore, phonics instruction focuses on
teaching sound-spelling relationships and is associated with print. Most phonemic
awareness tasks are oral.
Sequencing Phonemic Awareness Skills
Kinder - 1st grade -correct answer-Kindergarten - Oral activities in kindergarten focus on
simple tasks such as rhyming, matching words with beginning sounds, and blending sounds
into words.
1st - In first grade, phonemic awareness tasks are more advanced, focusing on blending
("Blend these sounds together "mmmm-aaaa-nnnn), segmentation ("What are the sounds in
man?), and the substitution and manipulation of phonemes
graphophonemic knowledge -correct answer-is the recognition of letters and the
understanding of sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns. Graphophonemic
Knowledge is often referred to as phonics.
Inquiry-based instruction -correct answer-starts by posing questions, problems or
scenarios—rather than simply presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to
knowledge. The process is often assisted by a facilitator.
Didactic questioning -correct answer-can be used to effectively diagnose recall and
comprehension and to draw on prior learning experiences." They are "questions that tend to
be convergent (i.e. they tend to focus on one topic), factual, and often beginning with
"what", "where", "when", "how".
phonemic awareness development -correct answer-Awareness of sounds in a language
Awareness of rhymes
Awareness that sentences can be broken down into words, syllables, and sounds
Ability to talk about, reflect upon, and manipulate sounds
Understanding the relationship between written and spoken language
Rhyming, segmenting sentences into words, blending syllables into words, delete/substitute
syllables/sounds from words
phonemes -correct answer-the smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word
different from another word.
single unit of sound
Vowel-consonant patterns -correct answer-In a cvc pattern, the vowel is often a short vowel
sound. In a CVCe word, the vowel is followed by a consonant and then the letter e. The e is
usually silent and the vowel before the e is usually long. In a CVVC word, two vowels appear
between two consonants.
reading comprehension:
A. Literal
B. Inferential
C. Evaluative -correct answer-Literal - Readers identify and/or recall relevant information
explicitly stated in the reading selection by
- identifying the order of events or a specific event from a sequence of events.
,-identifying details such as key words, phrases or sentences that explicitly state important
characteristics, circumstances, or similarities and differences in characters, times or places.
Inferential - Readers use information explicitly stated in the passage to determine what is
not stated. Readers derive meaning by
-identifying implicit relationships (relationships not directly stated) such as cause and effect,
sequence-time relationships, comparisons, classifications and generalizations.
-predicting probable future outcomes or actions.
Evaluative - In evaluative comprehension readers analyze and make judgments about what
they read. At this level, readers use evidence from the text to reach conclusions and make
generalizations about the text and its wider implications by
-drawing conclusions about the characteristics, values, and habits of human beings.
-drawing conclusions about the author's motivation or purpose for writing a passage or story
based on evidence in the selection.
Spelling Development: PRECOMMUNICATIVE SPELLING -correct answer-"babbling" stage of
spelling. Children use letters for writing words but the letters are strung together randomly.
The letters in precommunicative spelling do not correspond to sounds. Examples: OPSPS =
eagle; RTAT = eighty.
SEMIPHONETIC SPELLERS -correct answer-know that letters represent sounds.They perceive
and represent reliable sounds with letters in a type of telegraphic writing. Spellings are often
abbreviated representing initial and / or final sound. Examples: E = eagle; a = eighty.
PHONETIC SPELLERS -correct answer-spell words like they sound.The speller perceives and
represents all of the phonemes in a word, though spellings may be unconventional.
Examples: EGL = eagle; ATE = eighty.
TRANSITIONAL SPELLERS -correct answer-think about how words appearr visually;a visual
memory of spelling patterns is apparent. Spellings exhibit conventions of English
orthography like vowels in every syllable, e-marker and vowel digraph patterns, correctly
spelled inflectional endings, and frequent English letter sequences. Examples: EGIL = eagle;
EIGHTEE = eighty.
CONVENTIONAL SPELLERS -correct answer-develop over years of word study and writing.
Correct spelling can be categorized by instruction levels. For example, correct spelling for a
, corpus. . . words that can be spelled by the average fourth grader would be fourth grade
level correct spelling. Place the word in this category if it is listed correctly.
Expository essay -correct answer-genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an
idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that
idea in a clear and concise manner.
present a fair and balanced analysis of a subject based on facts—with no references to the
writer's opinions or emotions.
phonological awareness -correct answer-Phonological awareness is the understanding that
speech can be broken into smaller units of sound such as words, syllables, onsets and rimes,
and phonemes.
What is the difference between phonemic awareness and phonics? -correct answer-Phonics
involves the relationship between sounds and written symbols, whereas phonemic
awareness involves sounds in spoken words. Therefore, phonics instruction focuses on
teaching sound-spelling relationships and is associated with print. Most phonemic
awareness tasks are oral.
Sequencing Phonemic Awareness Skills
Kinder - 1st grade -correct answer-Kindergarten - Oral activities in kindergarten focus on
simple tasks such as rhyming, matching words with beginning sounds, and blending sounds
into words.
1st - In first grade, phonemic awareness tasks are more advanced, focusing on blending
("Blend these sounds together "mmmm-aaaa-nnnn), segmentation ("What are the sounds in
man?), and the substitution and manipulation of phonemes
graphophonemic knowledge -correct answer-is the recognition of letters and the
understanding of sound-symbol relationships and spelling patterns. Graphophonemic
Knowledge is often referred to as phonics.
Inquiry-based instruction -correct answer-starts by posing questions, problems or
scenarios—rather than simply presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to
knowledge. The process is often assisted by a facilitator.
Didactic questioning -correct answer-can be used to effectively diagnose recall and
comprehension and to draw on prior learning experiences." They are "questions that tend to
be convergent (i.e. they tend to focus on one topic), factual, and often beginning with
"what", "where", "when", "how".
