NRl 503/l NR503l Finall Exam:l Populationl
Health,l Epidemiology,l &l Statisticall
Principlesl Reviewl (Latestl 2026/l 2027l
Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl lungl cancerl isl 7l amongl non-smokersl andl 71l amongl
smokers.l Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl coronaryl thrombosisl isl 422l amongl non-
smokersl andl 599l amongl smokers.l Thel prevalencel ofl smokingl inl thel populationl isl 55%.
Onl thel basisl ofl thel relativel riskl andl etiologicl fractionsl associatedl withl smokingl forl
lungl cancerl andl coronaryl thrombosis,l whichl ofl thel followingl statementsl isl mostl likelyl
tol bel correct?
Answer:
Smokingl seemsl muchl morel likelyl tol bel causallyl relatedl tol lungl cancerl thanl tol
coronaryl thrombosis.
QUESTION
Truel orl False?l Thel terml attributablel riskl isl alsol knownl asl thel ratel differencel orl riskl
difference.
Answer:
True
QUESTION
Thel populationl etiologicl fractionl forl al particularl diseasel froml Factorl Xl alonel isl fivel
timesl greaterl thanl thatl froml Factorl Yl alone.l Ifl thel relativel riskl associatedl withl Factorl
Xl isl 2,l andl withl Factorl Yl isl 20,l whichl ofl thel followingl statementsl isl true?
Answer:
,Fewerl personsl arel exposedl tol Factorl Yl thanl tol Factorl X.
QUESTION
Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl lungl cancerl isl 7l amongl non-smokersl andl 71l amongl
smokers.l Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl coronaryl thrombosisl isl 422l amongl non-
smokersl andl 599l amongl smokers.l Thel prevalencel ofl smokingl inl thel populationl isl 55%.
Thel relativel riskl ofl dyingl forl al smokerl comparedl tol al non-smokerl is:l [Referl tol thel
chapterl titledl "Studyl Designs:l Cohortl Studies"]
Answer:
RR=l 599l perl 100,000l /l 422l perl 100,000l =l 1.42l perl 100,000l "1.42l timesl morel likelyl
tol getl coronaryl thrombosisl ifl youl smoke"
QUESTION
Ifl itl isl acceptedl thatl anl observedl associationl isl al causall one,l anl estimatel ofl thel impactl
thatl al successfull preventivel programl mightl havel canl bel derivedl from:
Answer:
attributablel risk
QUESTION
Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl lungl cancerl isl 7l amongl non-smokersl andl 71l amongl
smokers.l Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl coronaryl thrombosisl isl 422l amongl non-
smokersl andl 599l amongl smokers.l Thel prevalencel ofl smokingl inl thel populationl isl 55%.
Amongl smokers,l thel etiologicl fractionl ofl diseasel duel tol smokingl is:
Answer:
0.90l forl lungl cancerl andl 0.29l forl coronaryl thrombosis.
QUESTION
Truel orl False?l Thel terml attributablel riskl isl definedl asl thel ratiol ofl thel incidencel ofl al
diseasel amongl exposedl individualsl tol thel incidencel amongl non-exposedl individuals.
Answer:
,False
QUESTION
Thel purposel ofl al double-blindl studyl isl to:
Answer:
tol eliminatel experimenterl effectsl andl bias
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl isl notl al methodl forl controllingl thel effectsl ofl confoundingl inl
epidemiologicl studies?
Answer:
Blinding
QUESTION
Anl epidemiologicl experimentl isl performedl inl whichl onel groupl isl exposedl tol al
suspectedl factorl andl thel otherl isl not.l Alll individualsl withl anl oddl hospitall admissionl
numberl arel assignedl tol thel secondl group.l Thel mainl purposel ofl thisl procedurel isl to:
Answer:
improvel thel likelihoodl thatl thel twol groupsl willl bel comparablel withl regardl tol knownl
andl unknownl confoundingl factors.
QUESTION
Inl al studyl tol determinel thel incidencel ofl al chronicl disease,l 150l peoplel werel examinedl
atl thel endl ofl al three-yearl period.l Twelvel casesl werel found,l givingl al cumulativel riskl
ofl 8%.l Fiftyl otherl membersl ofl thel initiall cohortl couldl notl bel examined;l 20l ofl thesel
50l couldl notl bel examinedl becausel theyl died.l Whichl sourcel ofl biasl mayl havel affectedl
thel study?
Answer:
Selectionl bias:l survivall bias
, QUESTION
Truel orl False?l Thel purposel ofl matchingl inl al case-controll studyl isl tol selectl thel
controlsl inl suchl al wayl thatl thel controll groupl hasl thel samel distributionl asl thel casesl
withl respectl tol certainl confoundingl variables.
Answer:
True
QUESTION
Youl arel investigatingl thel rolel ofl physicall activityl inl heartl diseasel andl suggestl thatl
physicall activityl protectsl againstl havingl al heartl attack.l Whilel presentingl thesel datal tol
yourl colleagues,l someonel asksl ifl youl havel thoughtl aboutl confoundersl suchl asl factorl X.l
Thisl factorl Xl couldl havel confoundedl yourl interpretationl ofl thel datal ifl it:
Answer:
isl al factorl associatedl withl physicall activityl andl heartl disease.
QUESTION
Al double-blindl studyl ofl al vaccinel isl onel inl which:
Answer:
neitherl observersl norl subjectsl knowl whichl subjectl receivesl thel vaccinel andl whichl
receivesl al placebo.
QUESTION
Inl al surveyl whichl usesl layl interviewersl tol interviewl onel personl aboutl hisl orl herl
healthl andl thel healthl ofl householdl members,l thel sourcesl ofl errorl include:
Answer:
-thel personl withl diseasel hasl hadl nol symptomsl andl isl notl awarel ofl thel disease
-thel respondentl providesl thel informationl butl thel interviewerl doesn'tl recordl itl orl recordsl
itl incorrectly
-thel interviewerl doesn'tl askl thel questionsl thatl hel orl shel isl instructedl tol ask,l orl asksl
theml incorrectly
Health,l Epidemiology,l &l Statisticall
Principlesl Reviewl (Latestl 2026/l 2027l
Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Answers)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl lungl cancerl isl 7l amongl non-smokersl andl 71l amongl
smokers.l Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl coronaryl thrombosisl isl 422l amongl non-
smokersl andl 599l amongl smokers.l Thel prevalencel ofl smokingl inl thel populationl isl 55%.
Onl thel basisl ofl thel relativel riskl andl etiologicl fractionsl associatedl withl smokingl forl
lungl cancerl andl coronaryl thrombosis,l whichl ofl thel followingl statementsl isl mostl likelyl
tol bel correct?
Answer:
Smokingl seemsl muchl morel likelyl tol bel causallyl relatedl tol lungl cancerl thanl tol
coronaryl thrombosis.
QUESTION
Truel orl False?l Thel terml attributablel riskl isl alsol knownl asl thel ratel differencel orl riskl
difference.
Answer:
True
QUESTION
Thel populationl etiologicl fractionl forl al particularl diseasel froml Factorl Xl alonel isl fivel
timesl greaterl thanl thatl froml Factorl Yl alone.l Ifl thel relativel riskl associatedl withl Factorl
Xl isl 2,l andl withl Factorl Yl isl 20,l whichl ofl thel followingl statementsl isl true?
Answer:
,Fewerl personsl arel exposedl tol Factorl Yl thanl tol Factorl X.
QUESTION
Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl lungl cancerl isl 7l amongl non-smokersl andl 71l amongl
smokers.l Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl coronaryl thrombosisl isl 422l amongl non-
smokersl andl 599l amongl smokers.l Thel prevalencel ofl smokingl inl thel populationl isl 55%.
Thel relativel riskl ofl dyingl forl al smokerl comparedl tol al non-smokerl is:l [Referl tol thel
chapterl titledl "Studyl Designs:l Cohortl Studies"]
Answer:
RR=l 599l perl 100,000l /l 422l perl 100,000l =l 1.42l perl 100,000l "1.42l timesl morel likelyl
tol getl coronaryl thrombosisl ifl youl smoke"
QUESTION
Ifl itl isl acceptedl thatl anl observedl associationl isl al causall one,l anl estimatel ofl thel impactl
thatl al successfull preventivel programl mightl havel canl bel derivedl from:
Answer:
attributablel risk
QUESTION
Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl lungl cancerl isl 7l amongl non-smokersl andl 71l amongl
smokers.l Thel deathl ratel perl 100,000l forl coronaryl thrombosisl isl 422l amongl non-
smokersl andl 599l amongl smokers.l Thel prevalencel ofl smokingl inl thel populationl isl 55%.
Amongl smokers,l thel etiologicl fractionl ofl diseasel duel tol smokingl is:
Answer:
0.90l forl lungl cancerl andl 0.29l forl coronaryl thrombosis.
QUESTION
Truel orl False?l Thel terml attributablel riskl isl definedl asl thel ratiol ofl thel incidencel ofl al
diseasel amongl exposedl individualsl tol thel incidencel amongl non-exposedl individuals.
Answer:
,False
QUESTION
Thel purposel ofl al double-blindl studyl isl to:
Answer:
tol eliminatel experimenterl effectsl andl bias
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl isl notl al methodl forl controllingl thel effectsl ofl confoundingl inl
epidemiologicl studies?
Answer:
Blinding
QUESTION
Anl epidemiologicl experimentl isl performedl inl whichl onel groupl isl exposedl tol al
suspectedl factorl andl thel otherl isl not.l Alll individualsl withl anl oddl hospitall admissionl
numberl arel assignedl tol thel secondl group.l Thel mainl purposel ofl thisl procedurel isl to:
Answer:
improvel thel likelihoodl thatl thel twol groupsl willl bel comparablel withl regardl tol knownl
andl unknownl confoundingl factors.
QUESTION
Inl al studyl tol determinel thel incidencel ofl al chronicl disease,l 150l peoplel werel examinedl
atl thel endl ofl al three-yearl period.l Twelvel casesl werel found,l givingl al cumulativel riskl
ofl 8%.l Fiftyl otherl membersl ofl thel initiall cohortl couldl notl bel examined;l 20l ofl thesel
50l couldl notl bel examinedl becausel theyl died.l Whichl sourcel ofl biasl mayl havel affectedl
thel study?
Answer:
Selectionl bias:l survivall bias
, QUESTION
Truel orl False?l Thel purposel ofl matchingl inl al case-controll studyl isl tol selectl thel
controlsl inl suchl al wayl thatl thel controll groupl hasl thel samel distributionl asl thel casesl
withl respectl tol certainl confoundingl variables.
Answer:
True
QUESTION
Youl arel investigatingl thel rolel ofl physicall activityl inl heartl diseasel andl suggestl thatl
physicall activityl protectsl againstl havingl al heartl attack.l Whilel presentingl thesel datal tol
yourl colleagues,l someonel asksl ifl youl havel thoughtl aboutl confoundersl suchl asl factorl X.l
Thisl factorl Xl couldl havel confoundedl yourl interpretationl ofl thel datal ifl it:
Answer:
isl al factorl associatedl withl physicall activityl andl heartl disease.
QUESTION
Al double-blindl studyl ofl al vaccinel isl onel inl which:
Answer:
neitherl observersl norl subjectsl knowl whichl subjectl receivesl thel vaccinel andl whichl
receivesl al placebo.
QUESTION
Inl al surveyl whichl usesl layl interviewersl tol interviewl onel personl aboutl hisl orl herl
healthl andl thel healthl ofl householdl members,l thel sourcesl ofl errorl include:
Answer:
-thel personl withl diseasel hasl hadl nol symptomsl andl isl notl awarel ofl thel disease
-thel respondentl providesl thel informationl butl thel interviewerl doesn'tl recordl itl orl recordsl
itl incorrectly
-thel interviewerl doesn'tl askl thel questionsl thatl hel orl shel isl instructedl tol ask,l orl asksl
theml incorrectly
