NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2025
TO 2026 COMPLETE REVIEW NOTES
PRACTICE QUESTIONS CLINICAL
CONCEPTS AND DETAILED RATIONALES
idarucizumab -CORRECT ANSWER-antidote for dabigatran
factor xa inhibitors -CORRECT ANSWER-apixaban, edoxaban,
rivarozaban, fondaparinux
apixiban (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--Factor Xa inhibitor
-Eliquis
Edoxaban (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--Factor Xa inhibitor
-Savaysa
Rivaroxaban (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--factor Xa inhibitor
-Xarelto
Fondaparinux (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--factor Xa inhibitor
-Arixtra
,Pulmonary Embolism -CORRECT ANSWER--usually a clot from the leg
that blocks the pulmonary vasculature
-affects right ventricle d/t backing up of blood
-can cause pulmonary hypertension
-risk factors: immobility, obesity, hormonal birth control, smoking, HTN
pulmonary hypertension -CORRECT ANSWER--elevated pulmonary
pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to
blood flow through small arteries and arterioles.
-increased afterload causes increase in RV size as contractility cannot
overcome the resistance
CVA (risk factors) -CORRECT ANSWER-HTN, HLD, DM, Smoking, FHx
CVA, Hx TIA/CVA, AFib
action potential -CORRECT ANSWER--sodium moves into cell
(depolarization)
-threshold potential must be reached
-potassium moves out of cell (repolarization)
-returns to resting potential by pumping sodium out of cell and potassium
back into cell
threshold potential -CORRECT ANSWER-The minimum membrane
potential that must be reached in order for an action potential to be
generated.
, absolute refractory period -CORRECT ANSWER-The minimum length of
time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot
begin.
relative refractory period -CORRECT ANSWER-A period after firing
when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again
only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual
caseous necrosis -CORRECT ANSWER--degeneration and death of
tissue with a cheese-like appearance
-associated with TB
tuberculosis -CORRECT ANSWER--An infectious disease that may affect
almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs
-airborne
-caseous necrosis
-1/4 of world population infected -> leading cause of death d/t infectious
disease
-high risk countries include Mexico, Phillippines, Gautamala, China, Haiti,
India
-congregate settings such as homeless shelters are high risk, including for
employees
-increased in the mid 90s d/t AIDS but have decreased since 2000s
isoniazid (INH) -CORRECT ANSWER--antiTB
- take daily for 6-12 months and most likely with other meds too
-worked if 3 neg. sputum cultures, no temp.
- Liver toxicity (hepato) check liver fxn --> JAUNDICE
TO 2026 COMPLETE REVIEW NOTES
PRACTICE QUESTIONS CLINICAL
CONCEPTS AND DETAILED RATIONALES
idarucizumab -CORRECT ANSWER-antidote for dabigatran
factor xa inhibitors -CORRECT ANSWER-apixaban, edoxaban,
rivarozaban, fondaparinux
apixiban (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--Factor Xa inhibitor
-Eliquis
Edoxaban (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--Factor Xa inhibitor
-Savaysa
Rivaroxaban (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--factor Xa inhibitor
-Xarelto
Fondaparinux (MOA) -CORRECT ANSWER--factor Xa inhibitor
-Arixtra
,Pulmonary Embolism -CORRECT ANSWER--usually a clot from the leg
that blocks the pulmonary vasculature
-affects right ventricle d/t backing up of blood
-can cause pulmonary hypertension
-risk factors: immobility, obesity, hormonal birth control, smoking, HTN
pulmonary hypertension -CORRECT ANSWER--elevated pulmonary
pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to
blood flow through small arteries and arterioles.
-increased afterload causes increase in RV size as contractility cannot
overcome the resistance
CVA (risk factors) -CORRECT ANSWER-HTN, HLD, DM, Smoking, FHx
CVA, Hx TIA/CVA, AFib
action potential -CORRECT ANSWER--sodium moves into cell
(depolarization)
-threshold potential must be reached
-potassium moves out of cell (repolarization)
-returns to resting potential by pumping sodium out of cell and potassium
back into cell
threshold potential -CORRECT ANSWER-The minimum membrane
potential that must be reached in order for an action potential to be
generated.
, absolute refractory period -CORRECT ANSWER-The minimum length of
time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot
begin.
relative refractory period -CORRECT ANSWER-A period after firing
when a neuron is returning to its normal polarized state and will fire again
only if the incoming message is much stronger than usual
caseous necrosis -CORRECT ANSWER--degeneration and death of
tissue with a cheese-like appearance
-associated with TB
tuberculosis -CORRECT ANSWER--An infectious disease that may affect
almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs
-airborne
-caseous necrosis
-1/4 of world population infected -> leading cause of death d/t infectious
disease
-high risk countries include Mexico, Phillippines, Gautamala, China, Haiti,
India
-congregate settings such as homeless shelters are high risk, including for
employees
-increased in the mid 90s d/t AIDS but have decreased since 2000s
isoniazid (INH) -CORRECT ANSWER--antiTB
- take daily for 6-12 months and most likely with other meds too
-worked if 3 neg. sputum cultures, no temp.
- Liver toxicity (hepato) check liver fxn --> JAUNDICE
