Grand Canyon University HLT 362V Exam 2 (pdf) | 2026/2027 |
Applied Statistics Q&A | Statistics
1. To obtain a sample of 20 patients in the ICU, a clinician goes to the ICU
and selects the current patients. This is an example of what type of
sampling?
A) Judgement sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Simple random sampling
Correct Answer: Convenience sampling
Rationale: Convenience sampling involves selecting participants who are
readily available to the researcher. Going to the ICU and selecting the current
patients is a convenience sample because it relies on accessibility rather
than randomization. Simple random sampling requires every member of the
population to have an equal chance of selection.
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2. A Type I error is committed when:
A) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is true
B) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is false
C) We reject a null hypothesis that is true
D) We reject a null hypothesis that is false
Correct Answer: We reject a null hypothesis that is true
,Rationale: A Type I error (false positive) occurs when the researcher rejects a
true null hypothesis. This is the error of concluding there is an effect or
difference when none actually exists. The probability of making a Type I error
is denoted by alpha (α).
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3. Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis?
A) The mean of a population is greater than 65
B) The mean of a population is equal to 65
C) The mean of a sample is greater than 65
D) The mean of a sample is equal to 65
Correct Answer: The mean of a population is equal to 65
Rationale: The null hypothesis (H₀) is a statement of no effect or no
difference. It typically states that a population parameter equals a specific
value. In this case, H₀: μ = 65 is a correctly stated null hypothesis.
Hypotheses should be stated in terms of population parameters, not sample
statistics.
---
4. Quantitative research strives for quality and the ability to apply the
analysis to a broader population. This is referred to as:
A) Normality
B) Reliability
C) Generalization
D) Validity
,Correct Answer: Generalization
Rationale: Generalization (or generalizability) refers to the extent to which
research findings can be applied to populations beyond the study sample.
Quantitative research aims for generalizability through representative
sampling and rigorous methodology. Reliability refers to consistency of
measurement, validity refers to accuracy.
---
5. If you were conducting a study of blood pressure readings in a hospital
unit, comparing AM and PM readings, and assumed the data were normally
distributed and variances were equal, what type of statistical test would be
conducted?
A) F-test
B) Paired t-test
C) Pooled variance t-test
D) Separate variance t-test
Correct Answer: Paired t-test
Rationale: A paired t-test is used when comparing two related or dependent
samples, such as AM and PM blood pressure readings from the same
patients. The F-test is used for comparing variances. Pooled and separate
variance t-tests are used for independent samples.
---
6. Which of the following can be reduced by proper interviewer training?
, A) Neither sampling error nor measurement error
B) Sampling error
C) Both sampling error and measurement error
D) Measurement error
Correct Answer: Measurement error
Rationale: Measurement error can be reduced by proper interviewer training
because trained interviewers are more consistent and accurate in data
collection. Sampling error is related to the sample selection process and is
not reduced by interviewer training—it is reduced by increasing sample size.
---
7. A Type II error is committed when:
A) We reject a null hypothesis that is true
B) We reject a null hypothesis that is false
C) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is true
D) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is false
Correct Answer: We do not reject a null hypothesis that is false
Rationale: A Type II error (false negative) occurs when the researcher fails to
reject a false null hypothesis. This means a true effect or difference exists
but was not detected. The probability of making a Type II error is denoted by
beta (β).
---
Applied Statistics Q&A | Statistics
1. To obtain a sample of 20 patients in the ICU, a clinician goes to the ICU
and selects the current patients. This is an example of what type of
sampling?
A) Judgement sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Simple random sampling
Correct Answer: Convenience sampling
Rationale: Convenience sampling involves selecting participants who are
readily available to the researcher. Going to the ICU and selecting the current
patients is a convenience sample because it relies on accessibility rather
than randomization. Simple random sampling requires every member of the
population to have an equal chance of selection.
---
2. A Type I error is committed when:
A) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is true
B) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is false
C) We reject a null hypothesis that is true
D) We reject a null hypothesis that is false
Correct Answer: We reject a null hypothesis that is true
,Rationale: A Type I error (false positive) occurs when the researcher rejects a
true null hypothesis. This is the error of concluding there is an effect or
difference when none actually exists. The probability of making a Type I error
is denoted by alpha (α).
---
3. Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis?
A) The mean of a population is greater than 65
B) The mean of a population is equal to 65
C) The mean of a sample is greater than 65
D) The mean of a sample is equal to 65
Correct Answer: The mean of a population is equal to 65
Rationale: The null hypothesis (H₀) is a statement of no effect or no
difference. It typically states that a population parameter equals a specific
value. In this case, H₀: μ = 65 is a correctly stated null hypothesis.
Hypotheses should be stated in terms of population parameters, not sample
statistics.
---
4. Quantitative research strives for quality and the ability to apply the
analysis to a broader population. This is referred to as:
A) Normality
B) Reliability
C) Generalization
D) Validity
,Correct Answer: Generalization
Rationale: Generalization (or generalizability) refers to the extent to which
research findings can be applied to populations beyond the study sample.
Quantitative research aims for generalizability through representative
sampling and rigorous methodology. Reliability refers to consistency of
measurement, validity refers to accuracy.
---
5. If you were conducting a study of blood pressure readings in a hospital
unit, comparing AM and PM readings, and assumed the data were normally
distributed and variances were equal, what type of statistical test would be
conducted?
A) F-test
B) Paired t-test
C) Pooled variance t-test
D) Separate variance t-test
Correct Answer: Paired t-test
Rationale: A paired t-test is used when comparing two related or dependent
samples, such as AM and PM blood pressure readings from the same
patients. The F-test is used for comparing variances. Pooled and separate
variance t-tests are used for independent samples.
---
6. Which of the following can be reduced by proper interviewer training?
, A) Neither sampling error nor measurement error
B) Sampling error
C) Both sampling error and measurement error
D) Measurement error
Correct Answer: Measurement error
Rationale: Measurement error can be reduced by proper interviewer training
because trained interviewers are more consistent and accurate in data
collection. Sampling error is related to the sample selection process and is
not reduced by interviewer training—it is reduced by increasing sample size.
---
7. A Type II error is committed when:
A) We reject a null hypothesis that is true
B) We reject a null hypothesis that is false
C) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is true
D) We do not reject a null hypothesis that is false
Correct Answer: We do not reject a null hypothesis that is false
Rationale: A Type II error (false negative) occurs when the researcher fails to
reject a false null hypothesis. This means a true effect or difference exists
but was not detected. The probability of making a Type II error is denoted by
beta (β).
---
