PSYCH 3325 Exam 2 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Three Elements of Attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER Affect, cognition, behavior
Does attitude predict behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Early studies: No - Lapiete and Wicker
Later studies: Yes
Lapiere's 1934 Study - CORRECT ANSWER Prejudice. Refusal of service for Chinese people.
Took Chinese friends to different hotels, sent letter ahead of time to access attitude. Then brought
them in and saw in difference in attitude and behavior. / Flawed bc rules vs actuality
Correspondence - CORRECT ANSWER Match specificity to measure attitude & the behavior.
Result from later studies on attitude and behavior. (If testing a specific behavior, measure a specific
attitude)
Cognitive Dissonance Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Festinger -
2 cognitions contradict eachother
Uncomfortable state of arousal
Six ways to get rid of cognitive dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Change your behavior -
if you don't like michigan, just don't go to the university
2) Justifying to self through changing a dissonance in 1 of the cognitions - its a football rivalry, not
education
3) Attempt to justify behavior by adding new cognitions - at the moment, michigan is the best choice
4) Minimize the importance of the decision - doesn't matter where I go, I don't care too much
5) By reducing perception of choice - have to go to michigan, it is cheaper
6) Self-affirmation (MOST COMMON!) - try to bolster self-concept in a different domain (maybe i'm
not too loyal in buckeyes, but i am a great cook)
External Justification for Cog Dissonance vs Internal - CORRECT ANSWER An explanation
for our behavior that is outside ourselves - if not sufficient, look internally. If can't stop smoking, need
to change something about self
, $20 / $1 Study - CORRECT ANSWER Festinger
Participants do extremely dull tasks for one hour then tell next participant how amazing the
experiment was. IV either paid $20 or $1 to do so. DV: Report attitude after justification.
$20 - not guilty, don't need to change attitude
$1 - cognitive dissonance, changed their attitude (internal)
$1 had most attitude change
Blender Study - CORRECT ANSWER Brehm
Women asked to rank household items then choose one to take home
Group 1: easy decision (blender vs spoon) - low dissonance
Group 2: decision was hard (blender vs iron) - high dissonance
After ranking again, group 2 had more positive change for item they chose. Changed attitude
Initiation Study - CORRECT ANSWER Aronson & Mills
College students join group to discuss psychology of sex, had to do a screening
1. 1/3 demanding & unpleasant
2. 1/3 only mildly unpleasant
3. 1/3 no screening at all ( control)
severe initiation ended up liking the group more
Persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER The process by which a message induces a change in
beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
Elaboration Likelihood Model - CORRECT ANSWER Petty & Cacioppo
Two routes of Persuasion
1. Central Route (systematic)
2. Peripheral Route (heuristic)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Three Elements of Attitudes - CORRECT ANSWER Affect, cognition, behavior
Does attitude predict behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER Early studies: No - Lapiete and Wicker
Later studies: Yes
Lapiere's 1934 Study - CORRECT ANSWER Prejudice. Refusal of service for Chinese people.
Took Chinese friends to different hotels, sent letter ahead of time to access attitude. Then brought
them in and saw in difference in attitude and behavior. / Flawed bc rules vs actuality
Correspondence - CORRECT ANSWER Match specificity to measure attitude & the behavior.
Result from later studies on attitude and behavior. (If testing a specific behavior, measure a specific
attitude)
Cognitive Dissonance Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Festinger -
2 cognitions contradict eachother
Uncomfortable state of arousal
Six ways to get rid of cognitive dissonance - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Change your behavior -
if you don't like michigan, just don't go to the university
2) Justifying to self through changing a dissonance in 1 of the cognitions - its a football rivalry, not
education
3) Attempt to justify behavior by adding new cognitions - at the moment, michigan is the best choice
4) Minimize the importance of the decision - doesn't matter where I go, I don't care too much
5) By reducing perception of choice - have to go to michigan, it is cheaper
6) Self-affirmation (MOST COMMON!) - try to bolster self-concept in a different domain (maybe i'm
not too loyal in buckeyes, but i am a great cook)
External Justification for Cog Dissonance vs Internal - CORRECT ANSWER An explanation
for our behavior that is outside ourselves - if not sufficient, look internally. If can't stop smoking, need
to change something about self
, $20 / $1 Study - CORRECT ANSWER Festinger
Participants do extremely dull tasks for one hour then tell next participant how amazing the
experiment was. IV either paid $20 or $1 to do so. DV: Report attitude after justification.
$20 - not guilty, don't need to change attitude
$1 - cognitive dissonance, changed their attitude (internal)
$1 had most attitude change
Blender Study - CORRECT ANSWER Brehm
Women asked to rank household items then choose one to take home
Group 1: easy decision (blender vs spoon) - low dissonance
Group 2: decision was hard (blender vs iron) - high dissonance
After ranking again, group 2 had more positive change for item they chose. Changed attitude
Initiation Study - CORRECT ANSWER Aronson & Mills
College students join group to discuss psychology of sex, had to do a screening
1. 1/3 demanding & unpleasant
2. 1/3 only mildly unpleasant
3. 1/3 no screening at all ( control)
severe initiation ended up liking the group more
Persuasion - CORRECT ANSWER The process by which a message induces a change in
beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors
Elaboration Likelihood Model - CORRECT ANSWER Petty & Cacioppo
Two routes of Persuasion
1. Central Route (systematic)
2. Peripheral Route (heuristic)
