Pathophysiology D236.pdf
Pathophysiology D236
| Complete Exam Study
Guide, Practice Questions,
Answers & ATI Review
Material
, Pathophysiology D236
Pathophysiology D236.pdf
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e1dxhk
1. Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood fro m the body in one tube while dialysate
(made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the se parate tube in the
opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the semiperme-
able membrane separating the blood from the dialysate
2. peritoneal dialysis the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from
the blood. offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's
daily routin es. However, it does require some training of the patient and is
not recommended for individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney
failure
3. anion gap Lactic acid and ketones both l ead to the production of unmeasured anions,
wh ich remove HCO3- (a measured anion) due to bu ffering of the excess H+
and therefore leads to a n increase in the AG
4. Starling's Law of the describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two
Capillaries major opp osing forces that act to balance each other, hydr ostatic pressure
(pushing water out of the capilla ries) and osmotic pressure (including
oncontic pr essure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries). Bo th electrolytes
and proteins (oncontic pressure) i n the blood affect osmotic pressure, high
electrol yte and protein concentrations in the blood woul d cause water to
leave the cells and interstitial sp ace and enter the blood stream to dilute
the hig h concentrations. On, the other hand, low electro lyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutr itionally deficient child) would cause water
to lea ve the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead
to edema.
5. How can hyper- Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia
kalemia lead to car- refers to potassium le vels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of
diac arrest? potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscl es. Too low and muscle
weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms. This is especially
, Pathophysiology D236
Pathophysiology D236.pdf
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e1dxhk
dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart
attack
6. RAAS system Renin is produced by the kidneys in response to impaired blood flow & tissue
perfusion, and converts angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin I; ACE
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs. Angiotensin II then
vasoconstricts and stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone then
promotes Na and water retention as well as K excretion.
7. Type 1 diabetes caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken
in to the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Treated with
insulin injections
8. type 2 diabetes diabetes is caused by a desensiti zation to insulin signaling. The insulin recep-
tors a re no longer responding to insulin, which also lea ds to hyperglycemia.
Treated with drugs that increase sensitivity to insulin, dietary changes or
insulin injections.
9. osmotic pressure pressure exerted by solutes
10. oncotic pressure pressure exerted by albumin
11. What fluids are giv- Hypertonic
en to decrease ICP?
12. acid compound that donates hydrogen
13. base compound that accepts hydrogen
14. Respirations in- Metabolic acidosis
crease in response
to what?
15. metabolic alkalosis
Pathophysiology D236
| Complete Exam Study
Guide, Practice Questions,
Answers & ATI Review
Material
, Pathophysiology D236
Pathophysiology D236.pdf
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e1dxhk
1. Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood fro m the body in one tube while dialysate
(made of water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the se parate tube in the
opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the semiperme-
able membrane separating the blood from the dialysate
2. peritoneal dialysis the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from
the blood. offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's
daily routin es. However, it does require some training of the patient and is
not recommended for individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney
failure
3. anion gap Lactic acid and ketones both l ead to the production of unmeasured anions,
wh ich remove HCO3- (a measured anion) due to bu ffering of the excess H+
and therefore leads to a n increase in the AG
4. Starling's Law of the describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two
Capillaries major opp osing forces that act to balance each other, hydr ostatic pressure
(pushing water out of the capilla ries) and osmotic pressure (including
oncontic pr essure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries). Bo th electrolytes
and proteins (oncontic pressure) i n the blood affect osmotic pressure, high
electrol yte and protein concentrations in the blood woul d cause water to
leave the cells and interstitial sp ace and enter the blood stream to dilute
the hig h concentrations. On, the other hand, low electro lyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a nutr itionally deficient child) would cause water
to lea ve the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead
to edema.
5. How can hyper- Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia
kalemia lead to car- refers to potassium le vels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of
diac arrest? potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscl es. Too low and muscle
weakness occurs and too much can cause muscle spasms. This is especially
, Pathophysiology D236
Pathophysiology D236.pdf
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_e1dxhk
dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart
attack
6. RAAS system Renin is produced by the kidneys in response to impaired blood flow & tissue
perfusion, and converts angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin I; ACE
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs. Angiotensin II then
vasoconstricts and stimulates the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone then
promotes Na and water retention as well as K excretion.
7. Type 1 diabetes caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken
in to the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Treated with
insulin injections
8. type 2 diabetes diabetes is caused by a desensiti zation to insulin signaling. The insulin recep-
tors a re no longer responding to insulin, which also lea ds to hyperglycemia.
Treated with drugs that increase sensitivity to insulin, dietary changes or
insulin injections.
9. osmotic pressure pressure exerted by solutes
10. oncotic pressure pressure exerted by albumin
11. What fluids are giv- Hypertonic
en to decrease ICP?
12. acid compound that donates hydrogen
13. base compound that accepts hydrogen
14. Respirations in- Metabolic acidosis
crease in response
to what?
15. metabolic alkalosis
